Alkyne Elementometalation–Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling. Towards Synthesis of Various Types of Acyclic Alkenes in High Yields Efficiently Selectively Economically and Safely—Green Way

摘要

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, especially those involving Zn, Al, Zr (Negishi coupling) and B (Suzuki coupling), collectively have brought about “revolutionary” changes in organic synthesis. Thus, two regio- and stereodefined carbon groups generated as R¹M (M = Zn, Al, B, Cu, Zr, etc.) and R²X (X = I, Br, OTs, etc.) may now be cross-coupled to give R¹–R² with essentially full retention of all structural features. For alkene syntheses, alkyne elementometalation reactions including hydrometalation (B, Al, Zr, etc.), carbometalation (Cu, Al–Zr, etc.), and haloboration (BX3 where X is Cl, Br, and I) have proven to be critically important. Some representative examples of highly efficient and selective (≥98%) syntheses of di-, tri- and oligoenes containing regio- and stereodefined di- and trisubstituted alkenes of all conceivable types will be discussed with emphasis on those of natural products. Some interesting but undesirable cases involving loss of the initial structural identities of the alkenyl groups are attributable to the formation of allylpalladium species, which must be either tamed or avoided. Some such examples involving the synthesis of 1,3-, 1,4-, and 1,5-dienes will also be discussed.