Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Calcium Among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study)

摘要

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We examined the cross-sectional association between novel risk factors and coronary artery calcium (CAC) measured by electron-beam computed tomography or multidetector computed tomography among 2,018 patients with CKD. Based on total Agatston scores, participants were classified as no (0), moderate (>0–100) or high (>100) CAC. After adjustment for age, sex, race, study sites, cigarette smoking, prior cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes, use of lipid-lowering drugs, body-mass index, waist circumference, and cystatin C, several novel risk factors were significantly associated with high CAC. For example, odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of high CAC associated with one standard deviation higher levels of risk factors were 1.20 (1.04, 1.38) for serum calcium, 1.21 (1.04, 1.41) for serum phosphate, 0.83 (0.71, 0.97) for log (total parathyroid hormone), 1.21 (1.03, 1.43) for log (HOMA-insulin resistance), and 1.23 (1.04, 1.45) for hemoglobin A1c. Additionally, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratio for one standard deviation higher level of cystatin C was 1.31 (1.14, 1.50). Serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and homocysteine were not statistically significantly associated with high CAC. In conclusion, these data indicate that abnormal calcium and phosphate metabolism, insulin resistance, and declined kidney function were associated with the prevalence of high CAC independent of traditional risk factors in patients with CKD. Further studies are warranted to examine the causal effect of these risk factors on CAC in CKD patients.