Kerosene-fueled wick lamps used in millions of developing-country households are a significant but overlooked source of black carbon (BC) emissions. We present new laboratory and field measurements showing that 7–9% of kerosene consumed by widely used simple wick lamps is converted to carbonaceous particulate matter that is nearly pure BC. These high emission factors increase previous BC emission estimates from kerosene by 20-fold, to 270 Gg/year (90% uncertainty bounds: 110, 590 Gg/year). Aerosol climate forcing on atmosphere and snow from this source is estimated at 22 mW/m2 (8, 48 mW/m2), or 7% of BC forcing by all other energy-related sources. Kerosene lamps have affordable alternatives that pose few clear adoption barriers and would provide immediate benefit to user welfare. The net effect on climate is definitively positive forcing as co-emitted organic carbon is low. No other major BC source has such readily available alternatives, definitive climate forcing effects, and co-benefits. Replacement of kerosene-fueled wick lamps deserves strong consideration for programs that target short-lived climate forcers.
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机译：数百万发展中国家家庭使用的煤油灯芯灯是黑碳（BC）排放的重要但被忽视的来源。我们提供了新的实验室和现场测量结果，表明广泛使用的简单灯芯灯消耗的7–9％的煤油被转化为几乎纯BC的碳质颗粒物。这些高排放因子将先前的煤油BC排放估算值提高了20倍，达到270 Gg /年（90％的不确定性范围：110、590 Gg /年）。据估计，来自此源的大气和雪气溶胶气候强迫为22 mW / m 2 （8、48 mW / m 2 ），或全部BC强迫的7％。其他与能源有关的资源。煤油灯具有可负担的替代品，几乎没有什么明显的采用障碍，并且可以立即为用户带来福利。由于共同排放的有机碳含量低，对气候的最终影响是肯定的。没有其他主要的卑诗省资源具有此类现成的替代方法，确定的气候强迫效应和共同效益。对于以短期气候推动者为目标的计划，更换煤油灯芯灯值得强烈考虑。
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