A new era for drinking? Epidemiological evidence on adolescent male-female differences in drinking incidence in the United States and Europe

摘要

PurposeWe seek answers to three questions about adolescent risk of starting to drink alcoholic beverages: (1) In new United States (US) data, can we reproduce a recently discovered female excess risk? (2) Has a female excess risk emerged in European countries? and (3) Might the size of country-level female-male differences (FMD) be influenced by macro-level gender equality and development processes?