Synaptic plasticity (e.g. long-term potentiation; LTP) is considered as the cellular correlate of learning. Recent optogenetic studies on memory engram formation assign a critical role in learning to suprathreshold activation of neurons and their integration into active engrams (‘engram cells’). Here we review evidence that ensemble integration may result from LTP, but also from cell-autonomous changes in membrane excitability. We propose that synaptic plasticity determines synaptic connectivity maps, while intrinsic plasticity – possibly separated in time – amplifies neuronal responsiveness and acutely drives engram integration. Our proposal marks a move away from an exclusively synaptocentric toward a non-exclusive, neurocentric view of learning.
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