Identification of novel oxidized levuglandin D2 in marine red alga and mouse tissue

摘要

In animals, the product of cyclooxygenase reacting with arachidonic acid, prostaglandin(PG)H2, can undergo spontaneous rearrangement and nonenzymatic ring cleavage to form levuglandin(LG)E2 and LGD2. These LGs and their isomers are highly reactive γ-ketoaldehydes that form covalent adducts with proteins, DNA, and phosphatidylethanolamine in cells. Here, we isolated a novel oxidized LGD2 (ox-LGD2) from the red alga Gracilaria edulis and determined its planar structure. Additionally, ox-LGD2 was identified in some tissues of mice and in the lysate of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-treated THP-1 cells incubated with arachidonic acid using LC-MS/MS. These results suggest that ox-LGD2 is a common oxidized metabolite of LGD2. In the planar structure of ox-LGD2, H8 and H12 of LGD2 were dehydrogenated and the C9 aldehyde was oxidized to a carboxylic acid, which formed a lactone ring with the hydrated ketone at C11. These structural differences imply that ox-LGD2 is less reactive with amines than LGs. Therefore, ox-LGD2 might be considered a detoxification metabolite of LGD2.