Endovascular treatment evolution for pure intraorbital arteriovenous fistula: Three case reports and literature review

摘要

Background and importanceIntraorbital arteriovenous fistulas (IOAVFs) are rare and cause eye redness, exophthalmos, blurry vision and bruit. Whereas in the past they were treated conservatively, surgically or transarterially, recent developments in transvenous embolization have improved their treatment. In this paper the authors report three cases of IOAVFs treated endovascularly and review the evolution of treatment options.