集中与分散：战后美国联邦大学科研经费分配问题的思考

摘要

The U.S.federal government distributed academic research funds with a merit-based peer review system and emphasized competition after the Second World War.The system led to undue con-centration of federal research funding in a small number of prestigious universities,and thus triggered the need to expand federal funding on the basis of equality.The concentration and dispersion in the dis-tribution of federal academic research funding not only became the basic feature of American higher edu-cation after the war,but have also brought about mutually contradictory effects.%美国联邦政府在战后主要采用以业绩为基础的同行评议制度，通过竞争分配大学科研经费。这一制度导致美国联邦大学科研经费高度集中于少数有声望的大学，并由此引发扩大联邦科研经费分布的要求和相应行动。联邦大学科研经费分配的集中与分散不仅成为战后美国高等教育的基本特点，而且还产生了难以解决的相互对立。