In order to prepare a new kind of natural fibers and analysis its properties, the curaua fiber was extracted by the method of ultrasound-alkali-H2O2 one-bath technology. The four parameters of ultrasonic time, alkali treatment time, the concentrations of NaOH and H2O2 were optimized by multiple indicator orthogonal experimental method based on the evaluation factors of fibers diameter, breaking strength and moisture regain. The basic physical properties, adiathermic property together with the antibacterial property of curaua fibers were evaluated. Further more, the mechanism of adiathermic property and the antibacterial composition were explored. The results show that the optimal parameters were ultrasonic time of 70 min, alkali-oxygen one bath time of 100 min, alkali weight concentration of 8 g/L, hydrogen peroxide weight concentration of 12 g/L in the solution of 0.75 L. The extracted curaua fibers are 47.19 μm in diameter, 152.59 mm in length, 2.03×10−4 MPa in tensile strength and 15.33% in moisture regain, which are comparable with ramie fibers. The curaua/cotton(70/30) net with the CLO value of 1.316 and the thermal resistance of 0.204 m2·K/W, has certain warmth retention property, which is slightly lower than wool fibers net. In vitro antibacterial test,we found that curaua fiber has excellent antibacterial effect to colibacillus and staphylocccus aureus. In addition, the SEM pictures show that there are lumens in the cross section of the fibers. The filter liquor of curaua fiber has flavonoids of antimicrobial substances, which was tested by the ultraviolet spectroscopy.% 为了提取一种新型植物纤维-乌拉草纤维并研究其性能，采用超声波-碱氧-浴法从乌拉草秸秆中提取乌拉草纤维，用多指标正交试验方法对超声波时间，碱煮时间，碱用量和双氧水用量进行优化设计，并通过对直径，断裂强度，回潮率3个指标的综合分析评价确定最佳提取工艺，对处理后的乌拉草纤维进行基本性能测试及保暖、抗菌效果测试。结果表明：最佳工艺参数为：超声波时间为70 min；碱氧-浴时间为100 min；0.75 L溶液中碱质量浓度为8 g/L；双氧水质量浓度为12 g/L。采用最优工艺所提取的乌拉草纤维平均直径、长度、断裂强度及回潮率分别为47.19μm、152.59 mm、2.03×10−4MPa和15.33%，与苎麻纤维性能相似，可满足可纺性要求。并有一定的保暖性和优良的抑菌效果。
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