Ponds are widely distributed in Southern China. Considering the regulatory role of pond, Vensim software was used to build a system dynamic model to simulate water transformation in paddy and pond system, based on the system dynamic approach and water balance method. It was assumed that runoff from each land unit directly fed into drainage canal without flowing through other fields. The physical processes, such as irrigation, evapotranspiration, deep percolation, inflow and outflow of pond, were calculated in the model. In addition, various scenarios could be set to research the variation of the system with control factors. The proposed model was applied to simulate water transformation during the growing period of rice in Zhanghe irrigation district to examine its feasibility. The study area features a subtropical continental climate with an average annual precipitation of 947 mm, 85% of which occurs between April and October. There are 145 ponds with the storage capacity of 155283 cubic meters, which are important for ensuring an adequate water supply for crops. In the simulation, all the ponds were integrated as a large pond. And water storage was obtained from the relation curve between water level and storage. The results showed a good agreement between the observed and simulated daily water level of pond: coefficient of determination of 0.90, coefficient of efficiency of 0.79 and root-mean-square error of 0.155 m/day. To estimate the significance of pond irrigation system for agriculture irrigation, 3 different pond operation modes were set and simulated:1) pond supply with total operation, 2) pond supply with partial operation, and 3) pond closed irrigation system. The result showsed that pond operation could ensure full irrigation of rice, and water stress occurred for 72 days under partial operation, closing pond irrigation system was bad for the growth of rice. Therefore, the pond irrigation system had a significant effect on ensuring the normal growth of crop. Additionally, water transformation was simulated under 3 different irrigation modes. From the results, in the early growth period, pond storage was consistent under 3 irrigation modes. However, during the developmental stage, pond storage was the smallest under moist irrigation and produced surplus water under intermittent irrigation. Pond storage decreased significantly under the shallow water irrigation in the late growth stage. From the perspective of pond inflow, shallow water irrigation was the best, followed by intermittent irrigation and moist irrigation. For the water supply, shallow water irrigation was also the best, followed by moist irrigation and intermittent irrigation, and effective water use efficiencies were 84.7%, 80.9% and 67.7%, respectively. The proportions, calculated by the minimum pond storage dividing pond capacity, were 2.0%, 18.9% and 41.3% for shallow water irrigation, wet irrigation and intermittent irrigation,respectively. This shows that under intermittent irrigation mode, pond can maintain a certain amount of water for a long period of time, which provides a scope for aquaculture and drainage water treatment. This study provides valuable information for the rational use of water resources and irrigation management in paddy rice and pond system.%为了描述稻田塘堰系统水转化过程,以水量平衡原理为基础,建立稻田塘堰系统水转化系统动力学模型.利用漳河灌区三干渠中游区域尺度塘堰日水位观测资料对模型进行检验,模拟结果的复相关系数、Nash-Sutcliffe系数和均方根误差分别为0.90、0.79和0.155 m/d.在浅水灌溉模式下,对研究区域内塘堰调蓄方式进行动态模拟,结果表明,塘堰在完全调蓄时可以保障作物充分灌溉,在部分调蓄与不调蓄时作物分别在第72天和45天发生水分胁迫,塘堰灌溉对保证作物正常生长天数具有显著效果.当塘堰完全调蓄时,在浅水灌溉、湿润灌溉及间歇灌溉模式下,塘堰最低蓄水量占最大蓄水量的比例分别为2.0%、18.9%和41.3%,塘堰的有效水利用率分别为84.7%、80.9%和67.7%.研究可为稻田塘堰系统合理利用雨水资源、灌溉管理提供理论依据.
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