干湿交替灌溉与施氮耦合对水稻根际环境的影响

摘要

为了探讨不同水氮耦合对水稻根际土壤环境及根系分泌有机酸总量的影响,以新稻20号为材料,进行盆栽试验,设置浅水层、轻度(?20 kPa)和重度干湿交替灌溉(?40 kPa)3种灌溉方式及不施氮肥,中氮(normal nitrogen,MN,240 kg/hm2)和高氮(high nitrogen,HN,360 kg/hm2)3种氮肥水平9个处理.结果表明:轻度干湿交替灌溉及中氮增加了土壤酶活性,提高土壤中微生物数量,根系分泌有机酸总量显著提高(P<0.05);重度干湿交替灌溉及重施氮肥则降低土壤酶活性及微生物的数量,显著(P<0.05)减少根系分泌有机酸的总量;相关分析表明:根际土壤酶活性及微生物数量与不同生育期根系分泌有机酸总量呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)的正相关关系.土壤酶活性、微生物数量及有机酸总量的供氮效应为正效应,轻度干湿交替灌溉供水效应及耦合效应均为正效应,而重度干湿交替灌溉的控水及耦合效应则为负效应.研究可为通过水氮耦合调控水稻良好的根际环境提供依据.%Soil moisture and nitrogen nutrient are the principal factors affecting rice (Oryza sativa L.) production. Elucidation of their influences and coupling effects on grain yield of rice would have great significance for high yield and high efficiency. Domestic and foreign scholars have conducted extensive research on the interaction of water and fertilizer. The former focuses on the ground, such as crop growth development, physiological function, hormone change, nutrient absorption and utilization, water use efficiency and other aspects of the studies, few papers are for soil and root secretion characteristics, and their interaction and the conclusions are not consistent. The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of water and nitrogen coupling on soil enzyme activity, microorganism quantity, root secretion and coupling effect.A mid-seasonjaponica rice cultivar of Xindao 20 was pot-grown. Three treatments of different nitrogen levels, i.e. 0N, MN (240kg/hm2) and HN (360 kg/hm2) and three irrigation regimes, i.e. submerged irrigation (0 kPa), alternate wetting and moderate drying (-20 kPa) and alternate wetting and severe drying (-40 kPa) were conducted in 2014 and 2015. Some indices, such as urease enzyme, sucrose enzyme, catalase enzyme, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes quantity and total organic acid in root at different stages were investigated in the experiment. Results showed that there was a significant interaction between irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels, and no significant difference was observed between the 2 years. In the same nitrogen levels, urease enzyme, sucrose enzyme, catalase enzyme activity in soil at main growth stages were higher under the condition of alternate wetting and moderate drying compared with the submerged irrigation, and meanwhile bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes quantity in soil were also increased at main stages, and total content of organic acid was enhanced. So mild water stress and MN enhanced soil enzyme, microorganism and organic acid content, and formed the best mode in this paper, which was referred as the water-nitrogen coupling management model. The opposite result was observed under the condition of alternate wetting and severe drying. Soil enzyme, microorganism quantity and organic acid content in the root secretion at main stages were decreased significantly. In the same irrigation regime, soil enzyme and microorganism quantity at main growth stages were higher under the condition of MN treatment when compared with no nitrogen applied, and meanwhile total content of organic acid was enhanced significantly. The opposite result was observed under the condition of HN treatment, which indicated that heavy nitrogen application decreased soil enzyme and microorganism quantity, and organic acids of root secretion were also reduced significantly. Correlation analysis showed that there was significant or extremely significant positive correlation between soil enzyme, microorganism quantity and total organic acid content at main growth stages. Positive effects were observed in the effect of nitrogen fertilizer for soil enzyme activities, microbial quantity and total content of organic acid, and water stress and interaction effect were also positive under the condition of alternate wetting and moderate drying, while negative effect was observed under the condition of alternate wetting and severe drying. These results suggest increasing soil enzyme activity and microorganism quantity, and improving organic acids of root secretion through the appropriate regulation of water and nitrogen, will create a good rhizosphere environment for the growth of rice.