不同材料覆盖对玉米生长及水分利用效率影响

摘要

采用随机区组试验,对比研究了光降解地膜覆盖(M)、聚乙烯地膜覆盖(J)、秸秆整棵覆盖(S)、液体地膜地面喷洒(Y)、黄腐酸蒸腾抑制剂叶喷(FA)等不同减蒸方式在不同蒸发量地区(嫩江和大庆)的土壤水分、温度的变化和玉米生长状况及水分利用效率.结果表明:不同处理水分差异较大,地表有覆盖物均可提高土壤含水量.拔节期,J、M、S覆盖都高于对照,嫩江和大庆试验区依次高出88.2%和64.5%、32.2%和27.2%、24.0%和13.6%,嫩江达到差异显著水平(p<0.05);开花期,2个试验区只有S与其他处理差异达到显著水平(p<0.05).地膜覆盖提高土壤温度0.6℃~0.9℃(嫩江)、1.2℃~1.5℃(大庆),秸秆覆盖降低温度0.5℃~1.0℃(嫩江)、0.3℃左右(大庆).FA叶面喷施后嫩江和大庆玉米叶面蒸腾速率与对照相比减少29.5%、24.3%,气孔导度减少30.6%、15.5%,净光合速率增加16.7%、10.9%.M和J覆盖的产量最高,而S覆盖减产幅度为6.2%~10.0%.水分利用效率与产量呈正相关趋势,利用率最高的为J和M覆盖,分别比对照提高了19.0%和18.1%(嫩江)、20.2%和19.5%(大庆);水分利用率最低的为S覆盖,比对照降低了5.4%(嫩江)和9.2%(大庆).覆盖减蒸技术对于蒸发量大的地区效果明显.图1,表7,参28.%Using a randomized block design in Nenjiang and Daqing regions of Heilongjiang province,we studied the effect of different mulching materials including the photo-degradation film (M),plastic film (J),maize straw(S),liquid film(Y),and fulvic acid foliar spray (FA),on soil moisture,temperature,maize growth and water use efficiency (WUE).The results showed significant differences in soil moisture between different treatments,and the surface mulching improved soil moisture content.At the elongation stage of maize,compared with control,the soil moisture in J,M and S treatments increased 88.2%,64.5% and 32.2% in Nenjiang region and 27.2%,24.0% and 13.6% in Daqing region,respectively;all treatments in Nenjiang region reached a significant level(p<0.05).At flowering stage of maize,compared with control,only S treatment reached a significant level (p<0.05).Compared with control,J treatment increased soil temperature by 0.6℃~0.9℃ in Nengjiang region and 1.2℃~1.5 in Daqing region,respectively;while S treatment dropped soil temperature by 0.5℃~ 1.0℃ in Nengjiang region and 0.3℃ in Daqing region,respectively.Compared with control,FA treatment decreased leaf transpiration rate and stomatal conductance declined by 29.5% and 30.6% in Nenjiang region and 24.3% and 15.5% in Daqing region,respectively;while raised net photosynthetic rate by 16.7% in Nenjiang region and 10.9% in Daqing region,respectively.Compared with control,M and J treatments increased maize yield significantly;while S treatment reduced maize yield by 6.2%~10.0%.WUE had a positive correlation with yield;compared with control,J and M treatments enhanced WUE by 19.0% and 18.1% in Nengjiang region and 20.2% and 19.5% in Daqing region,respectively;while S treatment reduced WUE by 5.4% in Nengjiang region and 9.2% in Daqing region,respectively.The mulching technology would be more effective in the region with more amount of evaporation.