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土壤与作物

土壤与作物

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Soil and Crop
《土壤与作物》创刊于2012年3月，季刊，中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所主管，中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所农业技术中心主办，是我国又一个有关土壤学、农业生态学及其相关基础学科的综合性学术期刊。《土壤与作物》将认真贯彻"双百"方针，面向国际科技前沿和国家需求，旨在介绍土壤与作物系统研究的最新成果，促进土壤管理的优化和农田生产力的持续提升，为相关学科的人才培养和国内外学术交流提供交流平台，推动区域农业可持续性发展，在科学性、规范性、严谨性和实用性上体现出刊物的特色。
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  • 发文量：385
  • 被引量：252
  • H指数：1
  • 开始收录时间：1989(1)
  • CNKI综合因子：1.235
  • 维普期刊影响因子： 1.93
  • 万方期刊影响因子：1.32
  • 创刊时间：2012
  • 国内刊号/CN：23-1580/S
    国际刊号/ISSN：2095-2961
  • 发行周期：季刊
    邮发代号：14-151
  • 主管单位：黑龙江省科学院
    主办单位：中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所
土壤与作物-联系信息
  • 主编：张福锁
  • 电话：0451-86623742
  • 邮箱：tryzw@iga.ac.cn
  • 地址：哈尔滨市南岗区哈平路138号
  • 邮编：150081
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  • 摘要：适当提高玉米种植密度是目前挖掘我国玉米高产潜力的关键措施之一,但种植密度的提高增加了倒伏发生的风险。倒伏使玉米产量降低,品质变劣,并且给机械收获带来困难。本研究以春玉米为对象,针对玉米拔节孕穗期倒伏发生特点、抗倒伏植株和倒伏植株基部茎节及较高茎节上的次生根的相关力学特征开展研究。结果显示,调查区域内玉米倒伏严重。不同倒伏类型比较,根倒伏发生频率显著高于茎倒伏,二者分别占总数的90.4%和4.9%。根倒伏的发生以中度和重度为主,轻度倒伏发生频率较低。与不抗倒伏植株相比,抗倒伏植株基部茎节的节间直径、惯性矩以及抗弯截面系数高;同时抗倒伏植株较高茎节上的节根数量和最大拉力较倒伏植株高。
  • 摘要：大豆孢囊线虫（SCN）病是影响大豆产量的重要病害之一,而利用寄主植物抗性是防治大豆孢囊线虫病最经济有效的方法。鉴定与抗病基因相连的DNA标记是分子辅助育种的一个关键步骤,其中由多基因控制的数量性状QTL标记法在分子辅助育种中一直作为有效的手段起着重要的作用。本文概述了大豆孢囊线虫的遗传抗性、抗性基因的分子标记及其在全基因组范围内的QTL关联研究进展,并对其遗传抗性存在的问题进行了探讨,同时对全基因组范围内QTL分析进行了展望。
  • 摘要：以秸秆还田试验为研究平台,探讨玉米秸秆覆盖下配施不同水平氮肥对春玉米产量及氮肥利用效率的影响,明确农田黑土玉米秸秆覆盖下春玉米产量与氮肥施用量的关系。试验以秸秆覆盖（不覆盖、秸秆覆盖）为主区,不同氮肥水平（纯N）（0、135 kg·hm-2、180 kg·hm-2、225 kg·hm-2）为副区,测定了春玉米的产量及氮肥利用效率。研究结果表明：在施氮量（纯N）（0180 kg·hm-2）较低时,与无秸秆覆盖各处理相比,秸秆覆盖降低了春玉米的株高（2.71%6.55%）、穗长（4.26%10.1%）、穗粗（3.92%7.74%）和百粒重（0.67%1.68%）,导致春玉米产量降低（4.3011.0%,P〈0.05）。在施氮量较高（纯N）（225 kg·hm-2）时,与无秸秆覆盖相比,秸秆覆盖增加了春玉米的株高6.41%、穗长6.38%、穗粗5.67%和百粒重4.29%,提高了春玉米的产量6.82%（P〈0.05）。秸秆覆盖下春玉米产量与施氮量之间呈正相关关系,即春玉米产量及产量构成因子随着施氮量的增加而增加。在秸秆覆盖下,春玉米氮肥农学利用效率表现出随施氮量的增加而递增的趋势,偏生产力随着施氮量的增加而呈递减的趋势,说明秸秆覆盖后春玉米产量、氮肥利用效率增加效应与施氮量关系密切,在4个氮肥水平中,以（纯N）225 kg·hm-2施氮量配合秸秆覆盖方式实际运用的价值较高。
  • 摘要：菜豆（Phaseolus vulgaris L.）是我国及世界人民重要的食用豆类之一,具有品种繁多,表型特征差别大,基因组小,繁殖周期短及与大豆的亲缘关系较近等特点,是研究豆科植物基因功能的重要遗传资源。为创造丰富的变异资源,对菜豆品种黄金勾种子进行60Coγ射线诱变处理,处理剂量为200 Gy,在M3代观察并统计变异的类型。以百粒重及种子大小（长与宽）为代表,对数量性状进行了统计分析,选取的大粒（菜434）和小粒（菜601）株行与野生型对照相比,所检测的3个性状上的变异系数均显著大于野生型对照。在总计3 500株M3单株株行中,607株株行在生育期（开花期与成熟期）、叶部性状、株型、育性及种皮颜色等性状上与野生对照相比变异较为明显,其中5.5%的变异株行的变异属于典型的孟德尔显性遗传规律,符合3∶1分离比例,初步确定该类变异由单基因所控制。选取部分重要变异性状株行,进一步在M4代进行表型观察,验证M3代性状观察的结果。所获得的具有稳定遗传的材料不仅可直接应用于品种选育,还为克隆引致性状变异的功能基因及调控机制提供了重要的遗传资源。
  • 摘要：水稻抽穗期是指水稻从播种到抽穗（开花）所经历的时间,它是决定水稻产量和区域适应性的重要农艺性状之一。水稻抽穗期的数量性状很复杂,受内源多基因及外源多因素调控。本文介绍了水稻中2条保守的抽穗期调控途径,论述了各抽穗期基因间相互调控关系,并重点阐述了调控东北地区水稻抽穗期的主效基因和微效基因以及东北地区水稻中不同抽穗期基因的单体类型,同时解析了不同基因型组合形式对东北水稻区域分布的决定性作用,并探讨了通过基因编辑手段,对抽穗期抑制基因进行定点突变,缩短品种熟期,扩大优良品种种植面积,旨为从南方引进新水稻种质资源提供理论和实践指导。此外,针对目前东北地区水稻育种的现状,对分子设计育种与常规育种相结合的技术方式进行了展望。
  • 摘要：本研究通过38年的黑土长期定位试验,分析了长期施用有机肥后大豆产量效应、土壤理化性质演变特征,并评价在大豆种植中有机肥替代化肥的可行性。结果表明：（1）长期单施有机肥未降低大豆产量。（2）常规有机肥和二倍有机肥处理土壤有机质平均含量较NPK处理分别增加5.7%和4.5%。单施有机肥土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量并未明显降低;土壤有效磷含量显著低于NPK处理,降低了土壤磷素环境风险。施用有机肥土壤pH变化较为稳定,可防止黑土酸化。（3）单施有机肥0~20 cm土壤容重降低5.9%~7.5%,土壤总孔隙度降低7.0%~8.9%。（4）黑土长期单施有机肥条件下,有机肥养分供应能力较强,并可维持土壤酸碱平衡,改善土壤结构状况。总之,大豆种植中有机肥替代化肥是可行的,但应考虑黑土不同生态区的有机肥资源和施用量。
  • 摘要：驯化是指经过人为干预技术对野生物种的某些可利用性状加以选择、修饰和利用的过程。驯化不仅会引起植物表型的变化,还会进一步导致植物根系形态结构以及相应根际次生代谢产物含量的变化,最终导致根际微生物群落结构和功能发生变化。本文综述了作物驯化过程对作物表型、根系形态及对根际微生物群落结构的影响,初步探讨了作物驯化对根际微生物影响机制,并着重阐述了共生微生物包括丛枝菌根真菌以及根瘤菌与作物驯化的关系,为更好地利用作物野生近缘种的根际有益微生物奠定理论基础。
  • 摘要：以秸秆还田试验为研究平台,探讨玉米秸秆覆盖下配施不同水平氮肥对春玉米产量及氮肥利用效率的影响,明确农田黑土玉米秸秆覆盖下春玉米产量与氮肥施用量的关系.试验以秸秆覆盖(不覆盖、 秸秆覆盖)为主区,不同氮肥水平(纯N)(0、135 kg·hm-2、180 kg·hm-2、225 kg·hm-2)为副区,测定了春玉米的产量及氮肥利用效率.研究结果表明:在施氮量(纯N)(0～180 kg·hm-2)较低时,与无秸秆覆盖各处理相比,秸秆覆盖降低了春玉米的株高(2.71％～6.55％)、 穗长(4.26％～10.1％)、 穗粗(3.92％～7.74％)和百粒重(0.67％～1.68％),导致春玉米产量降低(4.30～11.0％,P<0.05).在施氮量较高(纯N)(225 kg·hm-2)时,与无秸秆覆盖相比,秸秆覆盖增加了春玉米的株高6.41％、 穗长6.38％、 穗粗5.67％和百粒重4.29％,提高了春玉米的产量6.82％(P<0.05).秸秆覆盖下春玉米产量与施氮量之间呈正相关关系,即春玉米产量及产量构成因子随着施氮量的增加而增加.在秸秆覆盖下,春玉米氮肥农学利用效率表现出随施氮量的增加而递增的趋势,偏生产力随着施氮量的增加而呈递减的趋势,说明秸秆覆盖后春玉米产量、 氮肥利用效率增加效应与施氮量关系密切,在4个氮肥水平中,以(纯N)225 kg·hm-2施氮量配合秸秆覆盖方式实际运用的价值较高.%This study, based on the Experiment of Straw Return , aimed to examine the effects of different nitrogen application rates on spring maize yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency under straw cover , and defined the relationships between spring maize yield and nitrogen fertilizer application rates .In the experiment , straw cover was regarded as main plots and different amounts of nitro-gen fertilizer, i.e.0, 135, 180 and 225 kg· hm-2, were regarded as subplots.The production of spring maize and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency were determined after harvest .The results showed that straw cover decreased plant height ( 2.71％-6.55％) , cob length (4.26％-10.1％), cob diameter (3.92％-7.74％) and 100-grain weight (0.67％-1.68％) in 0, 135 and 180 kg· hm-2 plots, thus resulting in a decrease of maize yield from 4.30％-11.0％ (P<0.05) .However, straw cover increased plant height by 6.41％, cob length by 6.38％, cob diameter by 5.67％and 100-grain weight by 4.29％in 225 kg· hm-2 plots, respec-tively, thus resulting in an increase of maize yield by 6.82％ (P<0.05) .Spring maize yield was positively correlated with the nitro-gen fertilizer application rate in plots with straw cover , i.e.both yield and yield components increased with the increasing nitrogen fer-tilizer application rate.With straw cover , both nitrogen agronomy use efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity decreased with the increasing nitrogen application rate , indicating that the enhancing effect on maize yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency brought by straw cover was associated with nitrogen application rate .Among the 4 nitrogen fertilizer application rates , 225 kg· hm-2 combined with straw cover was the most practical way in agriculture practice .
  • 摘要：以莫莫格国家自然保护区盐碱湿地的芦苇(Phragmites australias)为研究对象,基于氮(0、11.25 g·m-2、45 g·m-2及90 g·m-2 NH4 NO3)/盐(0、5‰、10‰及15‰NaCl)交互的盆栽实验,探究盐度和氮添加对植株幼苗生长及生物量分配的影响.结果表明:(1)随着盐度的增加,芦苇幼苗的株高、 叶面积和比叶面积都显著降低(P<0.05),根冠比增加,而地上生物量、 地下生物量和总生物量都先增加后降低(P>0.05);(2)随着氮添加的增多,芦苇幼苗的株高、叶面积、 地上生物量、 地下生物量和总生物量都显著增加(P<0.05),而比叶面积和根冠比降低(P>0.05);(3)盐度和氮添加二者交互作用对幼苗生长和生物量分配的影响都不显著(P>0.05),但任何盐度梯度下增加氮含量均能够促进幼苗生长和生物量积累.对盐沼芦苇而言,在其幼苗生长阶段,施加适量的氮肥可以缓解盐胁迫产生的危害,从而有利于幼苗生长,是一种可行的调控措施.%Aiming at understanding the effects of salinity and nitrogen addition on growth and biomass allocation of Phragmites austral-ias seedling in Momoge National Nature Reserve , we conducted a pot experiment with four levels of N addition (0, 11.25, 45 and 90 g· m-2 NH4NO3) and salinity (0, 5‰, 10‰ and 15‰ NaCl) treatments.Our results showed that: (1) salinity had significant effects on the seedling growth , but not on biomass .With salinity increasing , the individual height , leaf area and special leaf area of the seedling decreased , and the shoot -root ratio increased , while aboveground , belowground and total biomass increased first and then decreased.(2) N addition had significant effects on individual height , leaf area, aboveground, belowground and total biomass , but not on special leaf area and root -shoot ratio.With the increase of N concentration , the individual height , leaf area, aboveground , belowground and total biomass of the seedlings increased significantly while special leaf area and root -shoot ratio de-creased.(3) the interaction of salinity and N addition had no significant effects on seedling growth and biomass allocation , but in-creasing N concentration could promote seedling growth and biomass accumulation under all salinity treatments (0-15‰) .Our study demonstrated that increasing N concentration moderately in the growth stage would be a feasible regulatory approach for Phragmites aus-tralias in salt marsh to alleviate the damage caused by salt stress .
  • 摘要：畜禽粪便的堆肥化过程可以有效降解土霉素等抗生素,温度是影响降解过程的主要因素,而复杂的微生物群落常被忽视.本研究以土霉素初始含量0做为对照(CK),探析了牛粪堆肥(TG)过程中60 mg·kg-1的土霉素的降解及微生物群落变化规律.结果显示,经28 d的堆肥处理,土霉素降解率达93.3％,63 d后,降解率达96.7％.微生物群落方面,在土霉素处理中,类芽孢杆菌属、 芽孢杆菌属和Thermobacillus在高温期增加,其相对丰度由原料中的0.04％、0和0分别升高到高温期的4.25％、1.16％和1.68％,而在空白组中分别为0.20％、0.02％和0.09％.此外,相关性分析发现芽孢杆菌属、 短芽孢杆菌属以及Chelatococcus对土霉素的降解过程具有较大的效应,证实土霉素在牛粪堆肥过程中的生物降解与微生物密切相关.%The livestock manure composting can effectively degrade antibiotics such as oxytetracycline .Temperature is considered as one of the important factors during composting .However , the roles of microorganisms in composting process are often neglected .Aiming to understand oxytetracycline degradation and microbial community changes , we conducted an experiment with two concentrations of oxytetracycline , 0 as a control ( CK) and 60 mg· kg-1 as a treated group ( TG) .The results showed that the degradation ratios of ox-ytetracycline were 93.3％and 96.7％at 28 days and 63 days, respectively.Also, the relative abundances for Paenibacillus, Bacillus and Thermobacillus increased from 0.04％, 0 and 0 to 4.25％, 1.16％ and 1.68％ in TG group, while only increased to 0.20％, 0.02％and 0.09％in CK, respectively.Moreover, the effect of Bacillus, Brevibacillus and Chelatococcus on oxytetracycline degrada-tion was significant , indicating that microbial degradation may play an important role in degrading oxytetracycline , which confirmed a close relationship between the oxytetracycline degradation and microorganism community during cattle manure composting .
  • 摘要：秸秆还田是提升土壤肥力的重要措施之一,还田深度是影响还田效果的重要因素.本文以黑土为研究对象,分析了连续3年等量秸秆混入不同深度土层对土壤有机质及养分含量的影响.试验包括4个秸秆混合还田深度,0～15 cm(D15S),0～20 cm(D20S),0～35 cm(D35S)和0～50 cm(D50S),秸秆还田量均为10000 kg·hm-2.研究结果表明等量秸秆混入不同深度土层,导致不同处理秸秆在土壤中的含量(SC)在1.68～6.06 g·kg-1之间,随着秸秆混入土层深度的增加SC值逐渐减小;秸秆混合还田增加了相应土层土壤有机质含量,与D15 S处理相比,D20 S、D35 S和D50 S处理土壤有机质增加量分别降低了27.3％,48.4％和67.8％,但是秸秆的有机质转化率在D35 S处理达到了最大值,与D15 S、D20 S和D50S相比分别增加了28.6％,32.6％和17.5％,不同处理土壤有机质增加的总量表现为D35S>D50S>D15S>D20S,土壤轻组有机碳总量表现出相似的趋势;等量秸秆混入不同深度土层没有显著增加相应土层全量养分的含量,但是显著增加了速效养分含量(P<0.05),与初始值相比,D15 S、D20 S、D35 S和D50 S处理土壤碱解氮、 速效磷和速效钾含量分别提高了7.17％～20.6％、9.16％～38.2％和12.6％～43.7％,其中土壤速效养分增加率在D35 S处理达到了最大值,说明秸秆深混还田能够促进养分在土壤深层的积累,增加全层土壤养分的供给能力.因此,建议研究区域秸秆混合还田的深度为0～35 cm,提高秸秆混合还田对土壤肥力的贡献,实现黑土地保护.%Straw incorporation is one of the important practices in increasing soil fertility , which is impacted by the depth of straw in-corporation.The effect of corn stalk incorporated into different black soil depths on soil organic matter ( SOM) and nutrient content was tested in this study based on a three -year field experiment .Four treatments were designed as follows: the corn stalk amount of 10000 kg· hm-2 was incorporated into 0-15 cm (D15S), 0-20 cm (D20S), 0-35 cm (D35S) and 0-50 cm (D50S) soil depths, respectively.The results showed that contents of stalk in soil (SC) ranged from 1.68 g· kg-1to 6.06 g· kg-1, with an increas-ing trend of D15S>D20S>D35S>D50S.Stalk incorporation increased SOM in a given soil layer , compared with D15S treatment, and SOM contents in D20S, D35S and D50S treatments decreased by 27.3％, 48.4％and 67.8％, while the ratio of stalk converted to SOM reached a largest value in D35S treatment and increased by 28.6％, 32.6％ and 17.5％, compared with D15S, D20S and D50 S treatments , respectively;the increased amount of SOM in whole soil layers from different treatments showed an increasing trend of D35S>D50S>D15S>D20S; and soil light fraction organic carbon showed the similar trend as SOM .Soil total nutrient contents were not impacted by stalk incorporation , but soil available nutrient contents were impacted significantly ( P<0.05 ) .Compared with initial values , the contents of soil available nitrogen , available phosphorous and available potassium increased by 7.17％-20.6％, 9.16％-38.2％and 12.6％-43.7％, respectively;the greatest increase ratio in D35S indicated that more soil nutrients were cu-mulated in deep soil by deep straw incorporation , which increased the supply of soil nutrients .Therefore , we suggest that the optimum depth of corn stalk incorporated in soil would be 0-35 cm soil depth , which would increase the contribution of stalk incorporation to soil fertility, and realize black soil protection.
  • 摘要：为深入发掘和有效利用东北大豆优异种质资源,本研究于2012-2014年对铁岭市种植的东北地区各育种单位现存的大豆地方品种和育成品种(系)361份,利用重复内分组设计试验方法,采用频次分布和描述统计及方差分析对4类13个表型性状进行了统计分析以期揭示其育种潜势.结果表明:(1)东北大豆种质群体在铁岭市平均表现值为:全生育期104 d(83.6～136 d)、 蛋白质含量40.9％(37.7％～45.9％)、 脂肪含量22.4％(18.9％～23.8％)、 蛋脂总量63.3％(60.4％～66.5％)、 百粒重18.8 g(11.0～34.7 g)、 株高72.0 cm(42.4～121 cm)、 主茎17.1节(11.5～23.1)、 分枝1.59个(0.27～5.09)和倒伏1.8级(0.88～4).(2)当地适合熟期组为MGⅡ和MGⅢ,该熟期组品种的各性状的平均值与群体平均值相近,其他熟期组在当地的表现与之不同.而品质性状表现则略优于当地品种水平.(3)群体各生态遗传性状均有一定的改良潜力空间,部分优异亲本品种,可供育种工作者在改良各生态、 品质性状时参考利用.(4)追溯第4亚区品种祖先来源及贡献率表明:该地区育成/搜集品种平均含有祖先亲本7.8个,其中前20个祖先亲本对当地育成品种的贡献率为70.6％,而前10个祖先亲本对群体的贡献率为61.1％.%To further discover elite germplasm resources and effective utilization of Northeast China ′s soybean germplasm resources , 361 available soybean landrace varieties and breeding varieties ( or lines ) from breeding agencies in Northeast China were planted to observe the phenotype variations in Tieling city in 2012-2014 growing seasons.The variances of 13 phenotypic traits belonging to 4 classes of this population were analyzed to investigate the breeding potential through a blocking in replicated designs experiment using frequency distribution statistics method.The following results were obtained: (1) In Tieling area, the average value of the whole growth period of the population was 104 d (range from 83.6 d to 136 d), protein content was 40.9％ (37.7％to 45.9％), oil con-tent was 22.4％ (18.9％ to 23.8％), protein+oil content was 63.3％ (60.4％ to 66.5％), the 100-seed weight was 18.8 g (11.0 g to 34.7 g), plant height was 72.0 cm (42.4 to 121 cm), node number in main stem was 17.1 (11.5 to 23.1), the num-ber of branch was 1.59 (0.27 to 5.09), lodging level was 1.8 (0.88 to 4) .(2) The local maturity group was MGⅡand MGⅢ, plants belonging these two groups showed similar average values of main traits as above .However, the plants from other maturity groups and displayed varied average values .The quality traits of this population were slightly better than local varieties .(3) Each ecological trait genetic progress had a certain improvement potential , and some excellent germplasm resources selected could be used for plant breeders in the improvement of the ecological and quality traits .(4) The tracing of the origin and contribution rate of the soybean an-cestors in region 4 showed that the average number of ancestral parents cultivated /collected in this region was 7.8, of which the top 20 ancestral parents contributed 70.6％to the local cultivars , while the top 10 ancestral parents to 61.1％.
  • 摘要：适当提高玉米种植密度是目前挖掘我国玉米高产潜力的关键措施之一,但种植密度的提高增加了倒伏发生的风险.倒伏使玉米产量降低,品质变劣,并且给机械收获带来困难.本研究以春玉米为对象,针对玉米拔节孕穗期倒伏发生特点、 抗倒伏植株和倒伏植株基部茎节及较高茎节上的次生根的相关力学特征开展研究.结果显示,调查区域内玉米倒伏严重.不同倒伏类型比较,根倒伏发生频率显著高于茎倒伏,二者分别占总数的90.4％和4.9％.根倒伏的发生以中度和重度为主,轻度倒伏发生频率较低.与不抗倒伏植株相比,抗倒伏植株基部茎节的节间直径、 惯性矩以及抗弯截面系数高;同时抗倒伏植株较高茎节上的节根数量和最大拉力较倒伏植株高.%To intense the planting density of maize is one of the key factors to increase yield potential .However, higher planting densi-ty would take a risk of maize lodging , which may decrease yield and quality of maize with machine harvest problems .The jointing-booting stage is susceptible to lodging in maize , thus a field experiment was conducted to investigate root and shoot characteristics asso-ciated with resistance to strong wind -and rain-induced lodging.The results showed that experimental maize was with a heavy lodg-ing.Root lodging was more frequently than shoot lodging , accounting for 90.4％and 4.9％of the total , respectively.As for root lodg-ing, major was with middle and heavy lodging rather than light lodging .Compared with lodging maize , lodging resistant maize was with wider diameter of base internodes , higher moment of inertia and section modulus bending;also, lodging resistant maize was with more nodal roots and stronger root maximum tension in higher internodes .
  • 摘要：土壤盐渍化显著地影响着全球经济的发展,研究土壤中水盐运移的过程并对其进行精确模拟对于盐渍化土壤的监测、 评价以及治理均具有重要意义.本文介绍了美国国家盐土实验室研发的Hydrus模型,系统阐述了该模型在不同土壤质地、 灌溉方式、 灌水频率以及不同盐碱土改良方式下的应用情况,并且展望了Hydrus模型的发展趋势,旨在为土壤水盐运移模型的研究提供思路.%Soil salinization significantly affects the development of global economy , so it is of great importance to study the mechanism of water-salt transport and accurately simulate its process for monitoring , evaluating and controlling the soil salinization .In this re-view, we introduced the Hydrus model developed by US Salinity Laboratory , and systematically described the applications of the Hydrus model in different soil textures , irrigation methods, watering frequencies and saline soil improvement measures .Finally, we prospected the Hydrus model development , which would provide a new idea for future soil water -salt transport modeling.
  • 摘要：Hemoglobins exist throughout the organism kingdom , plant hemoglobin plays critical roles in plant nitrogen fixation , embry-ogenesis and defense responses .In recent years , research on plant hemoglobin classification and its nwe function of plant cell fate de -termination in gene regulation pathway is quite active .In this paper , we introduced new nomenclature system of plant hemoglobin , and reviewed the latest research achievements of symbiotic hemoglobin (sHb), non-symbiotic hemoglobin (nsHb) and truncated hemo-globin ( tHb); which would help to comprehensively elucidate the molecular mechanism of plant hemoglobin .%血红蛋白在生物界中普遍存在,其在植物根瘤固氮、 胚胎发生及抗逆胁迫等方面具有重要作用.近年来,关于植物血红蛋白分类及其所参与的植物细胞命运决定等基因调控途径方面的研究相当活跃.本文介绍了植物血红蛋白的新命名体系,综述了植物共生血红蛋白(sHb)、 非共生血红蛋白(nsHb)和截短血红蛋白(tHb)功能研究的最新研究成果,评述了植物血红蛋白调控胚胎发育及抗逆胁迫的功能作用,以期全面阐明植物血红蛋白分子作用机制的进展.
  • 摘要：血红蛋白在生物界中普遍存在,其在植物根瘤固氮、胚胎发生及抗逆胁迫等方面具有重要作用。近年来,关于植物血红蛋白分类及其所参与的植物细胞命运决定等基因调控途径方面的研究相当活跃。本文介绍了植物血红蛋白的新命名体系,综述了植物共生血红蛋白（sHb）、非共生血红蛋白（nsHb）和截短血红蛋白（tHb）功能研究的最新研究成果,评述了植物血红蛋白调控胚胎发育及抗逆胁迫的功能作用,以期全面阐明植物血红蛋白分子作用机制的进展。
  • 摘要：畜禽粪便的堆肥化过程可以有效降解土霉素等抗生素,温度是影响降解过程的主要因素,而复杂的微生物群落常被忽视。本研究以土霉素初始含量0做为对照（CK）,探析了牛粪堆肥（TG）过程中60 mg·kg-1的土霉素的降解及微生物群落变化规律。结果显示,经28 d的堆肥处理,土霉素降解率达93.3%,63 d后,降解率达96.7%。微生物群落方面,在土霉素处理中,类芽孢杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属和Thermobacillus在高温期增加,其相对丰度由原料中的0.04%、0和0分别升高到高温期的4.25%、1.16%和1.68%,而在空白组中分别为0.20%、0.02%和0.09%。此外,相关性分析发现芽孢杆菌属、短芽孢杆菌属以及Chelatococcus对土霉素的降解过程具有较大的效应,证实土霉素在牛粪堆肥过程中的生物降解与微生物密切相关。
  • 摘要：秸秆还田是提升土壤肥力的重要措施之一,还田深度是影响还田效果的重要因素。本文以黑土为研究对象,分析了连续3年等量秸秆混入不同深度土层对土壤有机质及养分含量的影响。试验包括4个秸秆混合还田深度,015 cm（D15S）,020 cm（D20S）,035 cm（D35S）和050 cm（D50S）,秸秆还田量均为10 000 kg·hm-2。研究结果表明等量秸秆混入不同深度土层,导致不同处理秸秆在土壤中的含量（SC）在1.686.06 g·kg-1之间,随着秸秆混入土层深度的增加SC值逐渐减小;秸秆混合还田增加了相应土层土壤有机质含量,与D15S处理相比,D20S、D35S和D50S处理土壤有机质增加量分别降低了27.3%,48.4%和67.8%,但是秸秆的有机质转化率在D35S处理达到了最大值,与D15S、D20S和D50S相比分别增加了28.6%,32.6%和17.5%,不同处理土壤有机质增加的总量表现为D35S〉D50S〉D15S〉D20S,土壤轻组有机碳总量表现出相似的趋势;等量秸秆混入不同深度土层没有显著增加相应土层全量养分的含量,但是显著增加了速效养分含量（P〈0.05）,与初始值相比,D15S、D20S、D35S和D50S处理土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别提高了7.17%20.6%、9.16%38.2%和12.6%43.7%,其中土壤速效养分增加率在D35S处理达到了最大值,说明秸秆深混还田能够促进养分在土壤深层的积累,增加全层土壤养分的供给能力。因此,建议研究区域秸秆混合还田的深度为035 cm,提高秸秆混合还田对土壤肥力的贡献,实现黑土地保护。
  • 摘要：农田分子生态学科组是东北地理与农业生态研究所从事农业生态研究的单元之一。值此东北地理所建所60周年之际,本文回顾了该学科组近10年来的研究工作,对结果进行梳理总结,对未来的研究方向进行展望,以期激励鞭策我们更好地做好科研工作,继续为黑土区农业健康发展做出贡献。
  • 摘要：农田分子生态学科组是东北地理与农业生态研究所从事农业生态研究的单元之一.值此东北地理所建所60周年之际,本文回顾了该学科组近10年来的研究工作,对结果进行梳理总结,对未来的研究方向进行展望,以期激励鞭策我们更好地做好科研工作,继续为黑土区农业健康发展做出贡献.%The research group of molecular ecology of farmland is one of the units engaged in the study of agricultural ecology in North -east Institute of Geography and Agroecology , CAS.Taking the opportunity of 60-year anniversary of the founding of Institute , the re-search progresses of this research group during the past 10 years were reviewed and the main findings were summarized in this paper .In addition , at the end of this paper the future research orientations were prospected .Through this way , we hope to spur our research mo-tivation and continuously make contributions for the development of healthy agriculture in the black soil region .
  • 摘要：菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)是我国及世界人民重要的食用豆类之一,具有品种繁多,表型特征差别大,基因组小,繁殖周期短及与大豆的亲缘关系较近等特点,是研究豆科植物基因功能的重要遗传资源.为创造丰富的变异资源,对菜豆品种黄金勾种子进行60 Coγ射线诱变处理,处理剂量为200 Gy,在M3代观察并统计变异的类型.以百粒重及种子大小(长与宽)为代表,对数量性状进行了统计分析,选取的大粒(菜434)和小粒(菜601)株行与野生型对照相比,所检测的3个性状上的变异系数均显著大于野生型对照.在总计3500株M3单株株行中,607株株行在生育期(开花期与成熟期)、 叶部性状、 株型、 育性及种皮颜色等性状上与野生对照相比变异较为明显,其中5.5％的变异株行的变异属于典型的孟德尔显性遗传规律,符合3:1分离比例,初步确定该类变异由单基因所控制.选取部分重要变异性状株行,进一步在M4代进行表型观察,验证M3代性状观察的结果.所获得的具有稳定遗传的材料不仅可直接应用于品种选育,还为克隆引致性状变异的功能基因及调控机制提供了重要的遗传资源.%Common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the important crops in China and the world .Its various appearances , rela-tive small genome size , short life cycle , and a close phylogentic relationship with soybean , make it an important genetic resource for studying gene function in legume .Aiming to create rich genetic variations , we exposed seeds of Golden Hook to 60 Co γradiation at a dosage of 200 Gy, then observed their phenotypes at M 3 generation, and estimated the phenotypic variations of quantitative traits tak-ing 100-seed weight and seed size as representatives .The result showed that , compared with the wild type Golden Hook , mutant lines of Golden Hook displayed a large phenotypic variations in 100 -seed weight , seed length , and seed width , with significant differences between selected wild type and line 434 (large seed) or line 601 (small seed) .Also, among 3500 plants in M3 lines, compared with the wild type Golden Hook , 607 lines varied significantly in flowering and maturing stages , leaf type, plant type, fer-tility and seed color;5.5％mutations were in agreement with median 3:1 segregation ratio , indicating those mutations were generally controlled by single gene.Moreover, some phenotypic mutations were confirmed in M 4 generation.Therefore, the obtained genetic mu-tants could be directly used in common bean breeding , and provided good materials for cloning the casual genes and thereafter studying gene function as well .
  • 摘要：以长春市城郊蔬菜地为研究对象,研究了蔬菜—土壤系统中Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg和As 5种重金属的含量特征、潜在生态风险及蔬菜的累积富集能力。结果表明,蔬菜地表层土壤中Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg和As含量均低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准,适宜种植蔬菜及农作物;但其含量明显高于长春市土壤环境背景值,具有较明显的累积现象,高含量区主要分布在长春市城郊东北与西南部。蔬菜农田土壤呈现中度污染水平,达到中等潜在生态风险等级,北部局部地区达到较强生态风险等级,应控制其污染来源。除白菜中Pb含量超标外,其余蔬菜中的重金属均未超过国家食品安全限量值。6种蔬菜对重金属的平均富集系数表现为：Hg〉As〉Cd〉Pb〉Cr。根茎类对As的富集能力强,而叶菜类对其他重金属富集明显。该区应加强土壤Hg、Cd的防治,以保障城郊区域蔬菜种植安全。
  • 摘要：免耕能够减少土壤扰动和增加有机物质还田,进而增加蚯蚓数量;蚯蚓又可以显著影响土壤结构和土壤有机质变化。然而免耕下蚯蚓和秸秆互作如何影响黑土中氮的分布和周转,尚需要深入的探讨。本研究通过室内对原状土壤进行蚯蚓和秸秆添加培养实验,分析传统性耕作和免耕下蚯蚓和秸秆还田对土壤总氮及其活性组分的影响。结果表明,免耕下所有处理土壤总氮和活性氮含量都分别高于或者等于传统耕作土壤;秸秆和蚯蚓添加在不同耕作方式下对土壤总氮和活性氮的作用不同;传统耕作下新添加秸秆会降低土壤活性氮含量,免耕下新添加秸秆则会降低土壤总氮和活性氮含量;蚯蚓在传统耕作土壤中能够降低活性氮含量,免耕土壤中蚯蚓则增加总氮和活性氮的含量。蚯蚓和秸秆在传统性耕作中表现出的综合作用会小于其单一影响,但仍然起着降低氮含量的作用;免耕下蚯蚓和秸秆共同存在的综合作用也会抵消一部分作用,使得土壤氮素含量介于蚯蚓和秸秆单一添加处理土壤。本研究结果有助于我们在实际生产中选择合理的耕作措施和秸秆还田量,培肥土壤,减少化肥施用量。
  • 摘要：土地盐碱化严重影响农业生产发展,是世界范围内农业发展所面临的重大问题。因此,了解盐碱胁迫对植物造成的危害、植物对盐碱胁迫的响应及耐盐碱植物的耐逆机制,将为增强作物的耐盐碱能力和开发利用盐碱地奠定坚实的理论研究基础。盐胁迫对植物造成的伤害主要包括离子胁迫、渗透胁迫和氧化胁迫,而碱胁迫在盐胁迫基础上还增加了高pH胁迫,对植物的伤害表现得更为严重和复杂。铁离子是植物生长发育不可或缺的重要金属离子,然而在盐碱土壤中植物对铁离子的吸收利用效率大大降低,严重影响了植物的正常生长和代谢。本文总结了盐碱胁迫对植物造成的生理伤害及耐盐碱植物资源的相关研究,综述了植物盐碱胁迫信号转导及分子机制研究进展,重点阐述了铁的转运吸收与盐碱胁迫的关系,以期为耐盐碱基因的挖掘、耐盐碱作物新品种的培育及开发利用改良盐碱地资源提供理论基础。
  • 摘要：以莫莫格国家自然保护区盐碱湿地的芦苇（Phragmites australias）为研究对象,基于氮（0、11.25 g·m-2、45 g·m-2及90 g·m-2NH4NO3）/盐（0、5‰、10‰及15‰NaCl）交互的盆栽实验,探究盐度和氮添加对植株幼苗生长及生物量分配的影响。结果表明：（1）随着盐度的增加,芦苇幼苗的株高、叶面积和比叶面积都显著降低（P〈0.05）,根冠比增加,而地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量都先增加后降低（P〉0.05）;（2）随着氮添加的增多,芦苇幼苗的株高、叶面积、地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量都显著增加（P〈0.05）,而比叶面积和根冠比降低（P〉0.05）;（3）盐度和氮添加二者交互作用对幼苗生长和生物量分配的影响都不显著（P〉0.05）,但任何盐度梯度下增加氮含量均能够促进幼苗生长和生物量积累。对盐沼芦苇而言,在其幼苗生长阶段,施加适量的氮肥可以缓解盐胁迫产生的危害,从而有利于幼苗生长,是一种可行的调控措施。
  • 摘要：Based on a long-term experiment during 1979-2017 in black soil of northeast China , the objective of this study is to explore variation characteristics of soybean yield and soil physicochemical properties under long -term fertilization, and evaluate the feasibility of organic fertilizer substitution to chemical fertilizer in soybean cultivation .The experiment consisted of three treatments:chemical fer-tilizer (NPK, conventional application rates), horse manure (M), and 200％ of the M (M2) .The results showed that: (1) long-term application of organic fertilizer did not reduce soybean yield .(2) Compared with NPK treatment , long-term organic fertilizer application (M and M2) increased the average content of soil organic matter by 5.7％and 4.5％, respectively.There was no signifi-cant decrease in the content of alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen and available potassium with organic fertilizer application .The content of soil available phosphorus in treatments M and M 2 was significantly lower than NPK treatment , which reduced the environmental risk of soil phosphorus.The soil pH change in treatments M and M 2 was stable, thus the soil acidification could be prevented .(3) In the treat-ment of manure application alone , the soil bulk density and the total soil porosity in 0-20 cm soil layers decreased by 5.9％-7.5％and 7.0％-8.9％, respectively.(4) Under long-term application of organic fertilizer in black soil , the nutrient supply capacity of organic manure was strong.Application of organic fertilizer could maintain soil acid-base balance and improve soil structure .In summa-tion, it was feasible to replace chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer in soybean cultivation , but the organic fertilizer resources and rates should be considered in different ecological areas of black soil .%本研究通过38年的黑土长期定位试验,分析了长期施用有机肥后大豆产量效应、 土壤理化性质演变特征,并评价在大豆种植中有机肥替代化肥的可行性.结果表明:(1)长期单施有机肥未降低大豆产量.(2)常规有机肥和二倍有机肥处理土壤有机质平均含量较NPK处理分别增加5.7％和4.5％.单施有机肥土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量并未明显降低;土壤有效磷含量显著低于NPK处理,降低了土壤磷素环境风险.施用有机肥土壤pH变化较为稳定,可防止黑土酸化.(3)单施有机肥0～20 cm土壤容重降低5.9％～7.5％,土壤总孔隙度降低7.0％～8.9％.(4)黑土长期单施有机肥条件下,有机肥养分供应能力较强,并可维持土壤酸碱平衡,改善土壤结构状况.总之,大豆种植中有机肥替代化肥是可行的,但应考虑黑土不同生态区的有机肥资源和施用量.
  • 摘要：大豆孢囊线虫(SCN)病是影响大豆产量的重要病害之一,而利用寄主植物抗性是防治大豆孢囊线虫病最经济有效的方法.鉴定与抗病基因相连的DNA标记是分子辅助育种的一个关键步骤,其中由多基因控制的数量性状QTL标记法在分子辅助育种中一直作为有效的手段起着重要的作用.本文概述了大豆孢囊线虫的遗传抗性、 抗性基因的分子标记及其在全基因组范围内的QTL关联研究进展,并对其遗传抗性存在的问题进行了探讨,同时对全基因组范围内QTL分析进行了展望.%The soybean cyst nematode ( SCN ) , Heterodera glycine, causes disaster damage in soybean ( Glycine max ) world-wide.Host-plant resistance is the most economically effective way to control SCN .The identification of DNA markers linked to SCN re-sistance genes is one of the important steps in the marker -assisted selection ( MAS) for nematode resistance breeding .Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlled by multiple resistance genes plays a powerful role in MAS -breeding program.In this paper, we reviewed genetic resistance of SCN , molecular mapping of resistance gene and Genome -Wide Associated Study ( GWAS) of QTLs linked to SCN resistance , explored the present problems of genetic resistance and prospected the future of QTL analysis .
  • 摘要：沟道侵蚀是最受关注的具有普遍性、 紧迫性和复杂性的世界性环境问题,也是土地退化的主要过程及最严重的表现形式,沟道侵蚀发生发展过程对现代地貌发育及演化过程有着重要的影响.本文简要回顾了世界沟道侵蚀研究的历史,介绍了国内外沟道侵蚀的分类差异及其多样性,重点评述了沟道侵蚀发生过程、 影响因素及其临界条件相关的国内外研究进展,并对今后需要探讨的问题予以展望,提出了需要进一步加强和明确的10方面建议.%Gully erosion is a worldwide environmental issue with urgency , generality and complexity , which is a most concerned phe-nomenon and has been recognized as a major land degradation process with most serious landform performances .The initiation and de-velopmental processes of gully erosion have significant influences on contemporary topographical development and evolution .This paper reviews the brief history of gully erosion research , and introduces the diversity and classification differences of gully erosion world -wide.The advances in processes , influencing factors and critical conditions of gully erosion are summarized .Ten aspects of research avenues to be addressed in the future are prospected and highlighted .

    土壤与作物的期刊信息

    • 曾用名：农业系统科学与综合研究
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