氮磷钾均衡管理对戈壁滩日光温室基质栽培秋冬茬番茄产量与养分吸收的影响

摘要

The effects of balanced fertilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on yield and nutrient uptake of autumn-winter tomato cultivated in greenhouse organic substrates were studied from June 15 th , 2013 to January 3 th , 2014 in Gobi desert regions, Gansu province, China. The culture substrates were made of the composted maize straw, spent mushroom compost, the composted cattle manure, the composted chicken manure and coal cinder in volume of 6. 0∶2. 0∶2. 5∶1. 0∶5. 0. Seven treatments were designed for the field experiment: high N ( N-P2 O5 -K2 O=420-100-400 g/m3 substrates) , high K ( N-P2O5 -K2O=350-100-480), balanced fertilization (N-P2O5 -K2O=350-100-400), Without N chemical fertilizer (N-P2O5 -K2O=0-100-400), Without K chemical fertilizer (N-P2O5 -K2O=350 -100 -0), without P chemical fertilizer (N-P2O5 -K2O=350-0-400) and conventional fertilization (N-P2O5 -K2O=572-174-648). The results showed that: (1) The major limited nutrients were nitrogen and potassium, and phosphorus had a certain effect in yield in-crease for autumn-winter tomato cultivated in the tested substrates. The yield increase of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus application were 31. 2%, 17. 0% and 4. 1%, respectively. (2) Compared with the conventional fertilization, the yield and economic income with balanced fertilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium treatment significantly increased by 16. 3%and 17. 5%, respectively, and compared with high N treatment and high K treatments, the increases in yield were respectively 4. 8% and 3. 0%, in economic income were respectively 4. 9% and 3. 2%. (3) Balanced fertilization of nitrogen, phosphor-us and potassium maintained the nutrient uptake of autumn-winter tomato, accordingly, increased the recovery rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer which were 25. 8%, 17. 6% and 35. 7%, respectively. Whereas the recovery rate of ni-trogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer under conventional fertilization were only 15. 9%, 6. 5% and 19. 7%, respective-ly. (4) With the tested culture substrate, proper N, P2 O5 and K2 O application rates of autumn-winter tomato in greenhouse were respectively 392, 136 and 455 g/m3 substrates, and N, P2 O5 and K2 O recommendation rates for 1 000 kg production of autumn-winter were respectively 3. 1, 1. 1 and 3. 6 kg.%采用日光温室小区试验，研究了氮磷钾均衡管理对戈壁滩日光温室基质栽培秋冬茬番茄产量与养分吸收的影响，以期为戈壁滩日光温室基质栽培蔬菜提供科学施肥依据。结果表明，(1)日光温室秋冬茬番茄栽培基质营养主要限制因子是氮和钾，施磷也有一定增产效果，施氮、施钾和施磷平均分别增产31．2%、17．0%和4．1%。(2)氮磷钾均衡管理处理较习惯施肥能显著增加产量和经济效益，平均增产16．3%，增收17．5%；氮磷钾均衡管理处理产量和经济效益均略高于高氮和高钾处理，产量平均分别增加4．8%和3．0%，经济效益平均分别增加4．9%和3．2%。(3)氮磷钾均衡管理能维持番茄对氮磷钾的吸收量，提高化肥氮磷钾利用率，氮磷钾均衡管理处理的化肥氮、磷和钾利用率分别为25．8%、17．6%和35．7%，而习惯施肥处理的化肥氮、磷和钾的利用率分别为15．9%、6．5%和19．7%。(4)本试验条件下日光温室基质栽培秋冬茬番茄适宜N、 P2 O5和K2 O用量分别为392、136和455 g/m3基质，生产1000 kg番茄产品对N、 P2 O5和K2 O的推荐量分别为3．1、1．1和3．6 kg。