施用常用有机肥对荔枝产量、 品质及土壤性质的影响

摘要

2013~2015年选择荔枝生产中4种常用有机肥(鸡粪、 猪粪、 牛粪和花生麸),以化肥单施为对照,探讨化肥与有机肥以等氮量配合施入土壤后,对荔枝果实产量、 品质、 风味、 重金属(Cu、Zn、As)含量、 耐贮性、 树体病虫害发生及土壤化学和生物学性质等的影响.结果显示,与化肥单施处理相比,2014年除配施花生麸处理稍微减产外,配施3种禽畜粪增产16.8%~28.5%.2015年配施花生麸增产14.1%,其他3种有机肥增产41.6%~54.5%;配施处理对果实单果重、 品质、 风味、 重金属含量和耐贮性影响不大,但明显改善果色;配施处理降低叶片病害发生,尤以降低藻斑病发生作用较为明显,但对果实主要虫害发生没有影响.配施有机肥对土壤性质未表现出明显影响.因此,在荔枝生产中实行化肥和有机肥合理配施效果较好.如以等氮量施入鸡粪、 猪粪和牛粪,则配施效果相当,花生麸则稍差.%Four commonly used organic fertilizers ( OFs) including chicken manure, pig manure, cow manure and peanut meal were separately applied with inorganic fertilizers ( IFs ) to investigate the effect of combinated application on yield, quality, flavor, hevey metal ( Cu, Zn and As) contents, storage property of litchi fruit, damage by diseases and insect pests, soil chemical and microbial properties during 2013~2015. Sole application of IFs was used as the control. The results showed that combined application of IFs and three animal manures increased the fruit yield by 16. 8% ~28. 5% in 2014, with the exception of yield decreased slightly in the combined application treatment of IFs and peanut meal, as compared with the sole application of IFs. Combined application of IFs and peanut meal increased the fruit yield by 14. 1%, and those of IFs and three animal manures significantly enhanced the yield by 41. 6% ~54. 5% in 2015. Combined application of IFs and OFs did not affect the single fruit weight, quality, flavor, heavy metal concentrations and storage properties of fruits, however, pro-duced more brighter fruits with more attractive appearance. Leaf damage by leaf spot diseases, especially by algal spot disease were alliviated in the four combined application treatments. Amendment of four OFs did not influence the occurrence of major insect pests in litchi plants. Soil properties were not considerably affected by application of OFs within two years. Consequent-ly, proper combined application of IFs and OFs was recommended in litchi production. If OFs were applied at the same nitro-gen use rates in litchi, chicken manure, pig manure and cow manure exhibited similar yield increasing potentials, however, peanut meal was the next.