贡嘎山东坡的鸟类多样性和区系

摘要

经过7年5次野外系统调查并综合有关文献,贡嘎山东坡分布有鸟类336种,其中,留鸟204种(60.7％),夏候鸟89种(26.5％),冬候鸟18种(5.4％),旅鸟25种(7.4％);东洋界物种205种(61.0％),古北界物种105种(31.3％),广布种26种(7.7％);雀形目Passeriformes鸟类245种(72.9％);繁殖鸟类293种(87.2％).本地区有国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类3种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类29种;横断山-喜马拉雅地区特有鸟类53种;CITES附录Ⅰ鸟类3种,附录Ⅱ鸟类25种;世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录濒危鸟类1种,易危鸟类2种.研究发现,东洋界物种的海拔分布下限平均、上限平均、中点平均和海拔跨度平均都低于古北界物种,但仅海拔分布中点平均和上限平均差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),体现了东洋界和古北界物种对高海拔环境适应能力的不同可能与其不同的生物地理演化历史有关;东洋界占优势的特有种(51/53)海拔分布下限平均、中点平均和上限平均显著高于非特有物种,体现出东洋界特有种对高山环境的适应也许与其特有化过程有关.贡嘎山东坡鸟类丰富度在中海拔1 800～2800m的落叶阔叶混交林和针阔叶混交林中最高,在高海拔和低海拔物种丰富度较低,物种丰富度呈中峰模式,鸟类生态群落随植物群落结构变化而呈现一定的垂直生态替代规律.%Based on 5 field surveys from 2010-2017,and review of previous studies,we summarize the occurrence of 336 bird species on the eastern slope of Mt.Gongga,including 204 residents (60.7％),89 summer visitors (26.5％),18 winter visitors (5.4％),and 25 passage migrants (7.5％).There are 205 species (61.0％) of Oriental origin,and 105 species (31.3％) of Palearetie origin;26 species (7.7％) are widespread.Two hundred and forty-five species (72.9％) belong to the order Passeriformes,and 293 species (87.2％) breed on Mt.Gongga.There are 3 Class-1 and 29 Class-2 nationally protected birds,and 53 birds from eastern Mt.Gongga are endemic to Hengduan-Himalaya region.Three species are listed on CITES Appendix Ⅰ and 25 species are listed on CITES Appendix Ⅱ.One species is classified under the IUCN category EN and 2 species under category VU.Our study shows that species from the Oriental origin on average have a lower elevational distribution than Palearctic origin species,indicating that differential adaptation to high elevational environments between Oriental and Palearctic species may be due to different biogeographical histories.Of the 53 endemic species,51 are of Oriental origin have higher elevational lower limits,midpoints and upper limits than non-endemic species,suggesting that endemics are better adapted to highland environments,which may be associated with their endemism.Species richness of birds peaks between 1 800-2 800 m elevation in mixed coniferous and deciduous broadleaf forest as well as in mixed coniferous broad leaved forests.Species richness decreases at lower and higher elevations,showing an overall hump-shaped richness pattern.Bird communities and vegetation structure change markedly across the elevational gradient of Mt.Gongga.