美国种族限制性契约的司法判决与种族隔离的松动

摘要

在20世纪前期，种族限制性契约是美国白人实行种族隔离最主要的制度性措施。在关于限制性契约的判决中，对“州政府行为”的解释是一个关键，因为联邦宪法第14条修正案的制约对象是各州政府，而不是私人行为。在1948年以前，大多数州法院将州法院的司法判决排除在州政府行为之外，从而便利了州法院对种族限制性契约的纵容。在黑人、民权组织和某些政府部门的斗争之下，1948年联邦最高法院将州法院的判决也包含在州政府行为之中，从而制止了州法院对限制性契约的纵容。此后，对州政府行为的解释日益扩大，对限制性契约的控制更严，从而在美国种族隔离的藩篱中打开了一个缺口。%In early 20th century, racial restrictive indenture is a systematic measure of American white to implement racial segregation. In a sentence related to restrictive indenture, the explanation of“conduct of state government”becomes the key, because the object of Article 14 in Federate Con⁃stitution is state government instead of individual. Before 1948, most state courts exclude their own sentences so as to make the tolerance of the indenture become convenient. Due to the struggle of the black, civil right organization and some governmental departments, the Supreme Court includes sentences made by state court into governmental conduct so as to stop the tolerance in 1948. Since then, explanation of government conduct is expanded and the control of the indenture is more seri⁃ous, resulting in the breakthrough into the racial segregation situation.