Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious disease of head livestock, e.g. pigs, cattle and sheep, and may cause enormous economic losses and serious negative social problems. It is ranked first in the A list of infectious diseases of animals in China. As a largest country for pigs, cattle, sheep and goats farming and a country with lots of neighboring countries, FMD prevention and control is not only crucial for the development of animal husbandry in China, but also of significance for the global FMD prevention and control. Nowadays, except some developed countries where FMD was eradicated and the FMD-free status has been maintained, prevalence and outbreaks of FMD happen in most of developing countries. China suffers a serious threat from the continued outbreak of FMD in neighboring countries. O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/SEA/Mya-98 and A/ASIA/Sea-97, FMDV lineages epidemic in China in recent years, were came from neighboring countries. Based on the analyses of the epidemic lineages insurrounding countries, frequency of outbreak and locations of circulation, O/PanAsia-2, A/Iran-05, Asia1/Sindh-08 and O/Ind-2001 are the epidemic lineages threatening China in the future. For decades, veterinary service systems at all levels have been constantly improved in China, the functions (e.g. scientific research, technical guidance, epidemic monitoring) of National FMD Reference Laboratory have been given full exerting and compulsory immunization and prevention-oriented policy have been proven to be highly effective. Based on the progressive control pathway for FMD (PCP-FMD) recommended by OIE (Office International des Epizootics), the effect of prevention and control in China is in the third stage of PCP-FMD. To promote the effect of FMD prevention and control into a higher level, the keys are the diagnostic testing technology and vaccines. The liquid-phase blocking enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), non-structural protein 3ABC antibody detecting ELISA, multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and other independent research and development products have reached the world advanced level, strongly supporting the FMD diagnostic testing in China and also applied in North Korea, Vietnam and other countries. New generation of sequencing technology, colloidal gold and nanometre tracer tag immune chromatography, biological response effect of molecular detection and other more punctual and more convenient technologies are expected to achieve application in FMD diagnosis in the future. As the most widely used vaccine, FMD inactivated vaccine has the optimal immunization effect, apart from interference to differentiate between FMDV infected and vaccinated animals. Along with the progress of the immunology theory and genetic engineering technology, marker vaccine, live carrier vaccine, protein epitope vaccine, virus-like particles vaccine and other new type vaccines will be developed and applied in the future. In the last ten years, with its powerful technical advantages, such as directional changes in FMDV genome, reverse genetics promoted not only the research and development of marker vaccine and other new type of genetic engineering vaccines, but also FMDV basic research, such as host tropism, replication mechanism, receptor usage and innate immune response, and the basic research will vigorously promote the applied research of FMD prevention and control.%口蹄疫是危害猪牛羊等主要家畜畜种的疫病,可造成巨大的经济损失,引发严重的负面社会影响,被中国政府列在一类动物疫病的首位.中国猪、牛、羊养殖量最大、邻国众多,防控口蹄疫不仅对本国农牧业发展起关键作用,而且对全球口蹄疫防控有重要意义.目前,除一些发达国家消灭了口蹄疫并保持着无疫状态外,口蹄疫仍在众多发展中国家流行或散发.中国周边口蹄疫疫情不断,对中国造成高压威胁,近年流行的O/ME-SA/PanAsia、O/SEA/Mya-98 和 A/ASIA/Sea-97 病毒均是传入的.从周边流行的病毒、流行的频率和循环的区域位置判断,O/PanAsia-2、A/Iran-05、Asia1/Sindh-08 和 O/Ind-2001 病毒未来威胁依然较大.几十年来,中国不断完善各级兽医服务体系,充分发挥国家口蹄疫参考实验室科研带动、技术指导、疫情监控的职能,采取疫苗强制免疫为主的防控政策,卓有成效.依照世界动物卫生组织(OIE)推荐的口蹄疫渐进控制路线图(PCP-FMD),中国目前处于阶段 3.推进口蹄疫防控效果进入更高阶段,关键在诊断检测技术和疫苗.自主研发的液相阻断ELISA、非结构蛋白3ABC抗体检测ELISA、多重RT-PCR等已达世界先进水平,有力支撑了中国口蹄疫诊断检测工作,并在朝鲜、越南等国应用.新一代测序、胶体金和纳米示踪材料标记免疫层析和生物反应效应分子检测等更精准便捷的新技术,未来也有望在口蹄疫诊断中实现应用.全病毒灭活疫苗免疫效力最优,是目前应用的主要疫苗,但存在干扰鉴别诊断等缺陷.随着免疫学理论和基因工程技术的进步,发展和应用标记疫苗、活载体疫苗、表位蛋白疫苗和病毒颗粒样疫苗等新型疫苗是未来的趋势.近十余年来,反向遗传操作凭借其定向改造基因组等强大技术优势,不仅促进了标记疫苗等新型基因工程疫苗的研发,而且推动了口蹄疫病毒宿主嗜性、复制机制、受体利用和先天性免疫应答等方面的基础研究,取得的研究成果必将有力推动防控应用型研究的进步.
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