晚清中外官员的往来仪节问题

摘要

After signing the Treaty of Nanking,the Qing government opened for foreign trade alongside canton where for-eign governments establish consulates to negotiate issues regarding to businessman with Chinese local officers.However,there were many misunderstanding between these two sides which leading to complains,owing to the lack of diplomatic protocol and different standard of receptions.After decades,the Britain’s envoy use the Margary Affair to require the Qing government to set the rules off etiquette for diplomatic protocol,then The Rule of Diplomatic Protocol from China-foreign officials was drew up by the Qing government.Though The Rule of Diplomatic Protocol from China-foreign officials improve the ritual status of foreign consuls and foreign missionaries,due to the difference between Chinese rules of etiquette and foreign rules,the conflict between the officers of two sides were not resolved.%自签订《中英江宁条约》後，清政府陆续开放通商口岸，各国政府也纷纷在这些通商口岸，设置领事馆，负责与中国地方官交涉商民事务。但因中外双方没有明文规范官员间的往来仪节，中外官员多自行其是，接待规格有高有低，容易产生误会。时间一久，各国领事和地方官员都感到困扰，屡生龃龉。经过几十年的磨合後，英国驻华公使威妥玛以“马嘉理案”为契机，要求清政府明确规范中外官员往来的相关仪节，遂制订《中外往来仪式节略》。由於中西礼仪概念的差异及国际秩序原理的冲突，让《中外往来仪式节略》虽提高了外国领事与外国传教士的礼秩位阶，得与越级与地方督抚公文往来，却未能彻底解决中外地方官员交涉冲突的问题。