无机纳米粒子的生物合成是指利用自然界中细菌、放线菌和真菌等微生物或一些高等植物在常温、常压下合成无机纳米粒子,不需使用有毒化学原料或不产生有毒副产品。该方法不仅是一种绿色的、环境友好的新型纳米材料合成策略,而且对深入了解生物矿化机理以及从理论上指导先进功能材料的设计和合成具有重要意义,因此近年来受到了化学、材料、生物科学等领域研究者的广泛关注。本文根据纳米粒子组成,分别综述了国内外利用生物体合成金属、硫化物和氧化物等无机纳米粒子的研究进展,重点讨论了生物合成的机理。结果表明：生物合成的无机纳米粒子具有尺寸分布窄、稳定性高、生物相容性好、产率高和成本低等优点;为了适应高金属离子浓度的外界环境,生物体往往通过吸附、还原或沉淀、累积或排出等一系列生化过程改变金属离子的溶解性和毒性,从而导致无机纳米粒子的形成;合成无机纳米粒子后,微生物通常仍具有繁殖能力,表明这些微生物可以被用于生产无机纳米粒子的生物工厂。然而,生物合成无机纳米粒子涉及到的生理过程非常复杂,微生物种类繁多,不同种类之间的差异也非常大。因此,在阐释生物合成机理、拓展纳米材料的种类和形貌、纳米粒子的后处理和应用等问题上仍需进一步深入研究。%Biosynthesis of inorganic nanoparticles is to synthesize inorganic nanoparticles at ambient temperature and pressure without utilizing hazardous agents and generating poisonous by-products by using organisms such as bacteria,actinomyces,fungi or higher plants in nature.It not only is a green and environmentally friendly protocol to synthesize inorganic nanoparticles,but also contributes to understand the biomineralization mechanism,and theoretically guides the design and synthesis of advanced functional materials.Therefore,it has recently attracted widely attention from researchers in the fields of chemistry,biology and materials science.In this review,we present the current development of inorganic nanoparticles synthesized by organisms according to material types including metals,sulphides and oxides,and the biosynthesis mechanism is particularly discussed.It indicates that biosynthesized nanoparticles have many advantages,such as narrow size distribution,high stability,good biocompatibility,high productivity and low cost,etc.In order to resist to heavy metal ions with high concentration,organisms often change their toxicity and solubility via a series of biochemical processes including bioadsorption,bioreduction or precipitation,bioaccumulation or effusion,etc.,generating inorganic nanoparticles simultaneously.After the formation of inorganic nanoparticles,these organisms are still able to proliferate,indicating that they can be used to produce nanoparticles as biological factories.However,the physiological process involving in the biosynthesis of inorganic nanoparticles is intricate very much,which is also different among different organisms.Therefore,it needs further research for the elucidation of biosynthesis mechanism,extension of material type and morphology,post-treatment and application of these nanoparticles.
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