1945年美国《杜鲁门公告》探析

摘要

U. S. president Harry S. Truman issued two proclamations on September 28, 1945, which were the policies of the United States with respect to the natural resources of the subsoil and sea bed of the conti-nental shelf and with respect to coastal fisheries in certain areas of the high seas. Truman Proclamations root in the ideas of expanding offshore jurisdiction in the United States in the 1930s, reflecting the desire to ex-pand offshore jurisdiction, but also to maintain the principle of freedom of the seas. Truman Proclamations reflect the role of U. S. domestic politics and the impact of “frontier disappear”, promoting the develop-ment of international law of the sea, and are an important milestone in modern ocean politics and seabed politics but make the United States become its own gravedigger of its ocean policy.%1945年9月28日，美国总统杜鲁门发布两项公告，分别阐述美国关于大陆架底土和海床的自然资源与公海某些海域的沿海渔业的政策。《杜鲁门公告》源于20世纪30年代美国国内出现的扩大近海管辖权的构想，反映了美国意欲扩大近海管辖权和维护海洋自由原则的双重目的。《杜鲁门公告》体现了美国国内政治的作用，反映了“边疆消失”论的影响，促进了国际海洋法的发展，是现代海洋政治和海底政治的重要里程碑，不过也使美国成为自身海洋政策的掘墓者。