Climate change may affect human production and livelihoods to varying degrees from area to area,and from group to group,and its impacts on the poor in ecologically vulnerable areas are especially special. Choosing-farmers’ and herdsmen’s livelihoods in ecologi-cally vulnerable areas of Ningxia - typical areas affected by droughts - as an example,this paper attempts to analyze specific impacts of climate change on local farmers' and herdsmen’s production,living and subsistence conditions,and degrees of such impacts,and explore key livelihood adaptation measures for farmers and herdsmen to respond to climate change through a questionnaire survey on and inter-views with 294 farming and stockbreeding households in five counties/cities/districts of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The results indicate that the mental self-adjustment of farmers and herdsmen is a prerequisite to response to climate change for vulnerable persons, and they also respond to impacts of climate change by way of livelihood diversification ,outside employment, proactive migration and other self-adaptation measures. This also relies on the macroscopic environment of institutional design and policy support by the government.%气候变化对人类生产生活的影响随地区和人群的不同而不同，其中对生态脆弱地区的贫困人群影响尤为特殊。本文以受干旱影响的典型区域-宁夏生态脆弱地区农牧民生计为例，试图通过对宁夏回族自治区5个县/市/区294户农牧家庭开展的问卷调查和访谈研究，分析气候变化对当地农牧民生产、生活和生存状况的具体影响内容及影响的程度，探讨农牧民应对气候变化的主要的生计适应措施。结果显示农牧民心理上的自我调适是人们在脆弱的状态下应对气候变化的前提，并通过多样化的生计方式、外出务工、自主性迁移等自适应方式来适应气候变化对农牧民生计带来的种种影响，同时生态脆弱地区气候变化的应对也离不开政府大环境背景下的制度设计和政策支持。
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