特殊拓扑结构聚硅氧烷的研究进展

摘要

聚硅氧烷是一类以重复的Si-O键为主链的聚合物.Si-O键较长,具有部分双键特性和较强的离子性,裂解能较高,Si-O-Si键角较大.Si-O键所具有的特性使得聚硅氧烷具有耐高低温、耐辐射、耐气候老化、耐臭氧、电气绝缘、憎水、难燃、无毒、无腐蚀和生理惰性等优异的性能.聚硅氧烷在航空航天、建筑、电子电器、日用化学品和医药等领域具有重要用途.由于制备聚硅氧烷的原料丰富,所以聚硅氧烷的普及应用有助于减少人类对不可再生资源的依赖.提高聚硅氧烷的性能可以进一步拓展其应用范围,而高分子材料的性能主要取决于其主链结构.因此,制备具有特殊拓扑结构的聚硅氧烷至关重要.主要介绍了大环、密闭多环、高度支化、笼型、半笼型、双甲板型和梯型等几种具有特殊拓扑结构聚硅氧烷的合成、性能与应用方面的研究进展.%Polysiloxanes are a kind of polymers having Si-O main chains.Si-O bond is long,with partial double-bond and substantial ionic characters,as well as high bond dissociation energy.Furthermore,the value of the Si-O-Si angle is large.The features of Si-O bond make polysiloxanes have many excellent performances,such as high and low temperature resistance,radiation resistance,weathering resistance,electrical insulation,ozone resistance,water repellence,fire retardance,non-toxic,no corrosion,and physiological inertia.Polysiloxanes are important materials in several areas,for example,aerospace,architecture,electronics,daily chemicals,and medicines.Besides,the raw materials for preparation of polysiloxanes are abundant.Expanding the application range of polysiloxanes can help human beings reduce the dependence on non-renewable resources.On the other hand,improving the performances of polysiloxanes can further expand the application range of polysiloxanes.The performances of polymer materials mainly depend on their main chain structures.Consequently,the preparation of polysiloxanes with special topologies is a key point.In this paper,the research progress of synthesis,properties,and application of polysiloxanes with special topologies,including macrocyclic,closed multicyclic,hyperbranched,cage,semi-cage,double-decker-shaped,and ladder polysiloxanes,are introduced.