在人类活动向海洋不断扩张和海洋环境面临严重生态危机的现实背景下,欧美等海洋发达国家逐步形成了以生态系统为基础的海洋空间规划理念.自2006年联合国教科文组织召开第一届海洋空间规划国际研讨会以来,国外海洋空间规划比较重视建立系统的空间规划理论与方法体系.一方面,注重构建海洋空间规划的理论基础,包括多类型的空间范畴,多目标的规划管理,基于生态系统的管理,跨部门的综合管理等；另一方面,注重建立海洋空间规划的实施框架和方法,包括逐步走向生态系统管理的技术框架,相关利益者的识别,海洋环境影响评价和生态价值评估等；此外,欧美等海洋发达国家从用海现状、环境影响、海洋生态价值功能等进行区域实践论证,产生了许多对我国有借鉴意义的区域实践经验.%In the background of human activity expanding from land to sea and serious ecological crisis lying in the marine environment,the concept of marine spatial planning (MSP) based on ecosystem comes into being in the Occident.The importances of space and time are emphasized for MSP.MSP is defined as a process of analyzing and allocating parts of three-dimensional marine spaces to specific uses,to achieve ecological,economic and social objectives,and can help to avoid conflicts between different sea uses.Since the first international conference on marine spatial planning sponsored by the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 2006,the evolution of MSP has become a crucial step in making ecosystem-based,sea use management a reality.People have been attaching much importance to set up the theory and method system of MSP.The studies paid attention to,on the one hand,constructing the theoretical basis of MSP,including multi-scale space types,the multi-objective programming,ecosystem-based management,interdepartmental comprehensive management,on the other hand,to constructing implementation framework and methods of MSP,including implementation procedure of step-by-step approach to ecosystem-based management,identifying stakeholders by socio-economic assessment,and evaluation on marine environment by environmental impact assessment.The practice activities and successful experience of MSP were summarized in the European Union,the United States,Australia and other countries,including legal system construction,department coordination,public participation,process monitoring,etc.These can be used for reference to our country.
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