战国秦汉时期以名驱鬼术的分类及其仪式--以简帛材料为中心的考察

摘要

巫术中以名字驱鬼是古人信仰万物有灵和宇宙整体观的体现，这也和古人认为名字具有超自然力量的宗教信仰有关。根据简帛材料以名驱鬼大致可以分为借天神之名驱鬼、借英雄之名驱鬼、呼神兽之名厌鬼和直呼鬼名厌鬼四类。从呼神驱鬼到直呼鬼之名进行驱鬼反映了古人自我意识和自信力的增强。在古文献中有很多专记鬼名的书籍，而流传于后世的则主要保存在道教文献中。%Name exorcism shows that the ancients believed in animism and universe holism , which was con-cerned with religious beliefs that names had supernatural power .According to bamboo and silk materials in the name of exorcism ,it can be divided into four categories:exorcising in the name of god;exorcisingin the name of hero;calling the name of mythical creatures;calling the ghost ’ s name directly .That the name call-ing changed from god to ghost reflects the increasing sense of self-awareness and self-confidence of the ancients.There are many notes about ghost names , mainly spread in Taoist documents .