见证“合作政策”的终结--威妥玛任英国驻华公使时的中英关系

摘要

自《天津条约》和《北京条约》签订后，清政府成立总理衙门，各国公使成功进驻京城，中西方都开始调整自己的政策，逐渐建立起“合作”关系。然而，在进入1870年代后，随着地方上中外冲突增多、西方各国对中国市场争夺加剧，“合作政策”屡遭挑战，“合作”关系也濒临破裂。英国外交官威妥玛曾经是“合作政策”的坚定支持者，自1870年开始成为英国驻华全权大使。在经历了诸多合作失败的事件后，威妥玛终没能挽救这一政策。%After the Treaty of Tientsin and Convention of Peking , Qing government established Tsungli Yamen( i.e.the first central diplomatic mechanism in modern China ) to deal with foreign affairs .Since then, both western and Chinese leaders have adjusted their policy , searching for a kind of “cooperative”partnership.But the situation got complicated after 1870s, conflicts between foreigners and Chinese at lo-cal places boomed , and the competing for Chinese market among foreign countries also worsened the co-operative policy .Thomas Wade was a strong supporter of this policy , but when he experienced these con-flicts, he failed to save the policy from the doom .This essay is to analyze the process and reason of the failure of “cooperative policy” during Wade's term as the British Resident diplomat in China.