英汉存现动词非宾格性的症结及解释

摘要

In the framework of generative grammar, it is believed that existential verbs are accusatives. But in English and Chi-nese there are many existential verbs which violate this hypothesis. This paper firstly reviews four kinds of theoretical explanation for this language phenomenon and then offers a new account for it according to lexical mapping and structure coercion theory. It is argued that all the verbs in the lexicon has language universal feature, only in some special structure can they show some individual feature, such as transitive feature, unaccusative feature, etc. Besides, it puts forward that existential constructional stative coercion is the base on which those verbs appearing to be “transitive and “unergative verbs are derived into accusative verbs in existential saructure.%生成语法框架下认为存现动词是非宾格动词，但在英汉中却有很多违反这一定律的例子，如何从理论上解释这一现象便成为了一个症结。文章首先综述了近些年四种理论对这一语言现象的解释并指出了各自的问题，最后根据词汇映射和构式压制理论提出一种新的解释。认为词库中所有动词都有共性，在词库里时还不能把他们划分为及物动词、非作格动词和非宾格动词，动词只有在一些特殊语言或特殊构式中表现一些个性，如及物性、非作格性和非宾格性等。此外还认为，“存现构式状态化压制”是那些表面看来是“及物动词”和“非作格动词”派生成存现句中的非宾格动词的基础，即表面看来是“及物动词”原来的逻辑施事被存现构式压制删除，而表面看来是“作格动词”的施事被构式状态化压制成客体，当这些“另类”动词进入地点存现句的句法表达式时，就生成了合格的存现句，表现出非宾格性。