行人交通流基本特性研究现状与展望∗

摘要

以行人交通流基本特性为研究对象,总结了行人交通流基本特性研究的发展历程和研究现状,分析了行人交通流未来发展趋势.介绍了行人交通流基础数据采集方法,例如人工调查法、视频检测法和泰森多边形法等.总结了行人交通流宏观特性和微观特性,阐释了行人流交通特性基本关系图和行人流的整体运动特性,讨论了人群中个体的速度特性及个体间的相互作用,行人交通流的微观特性是宏观特性的自然展现.分析结果表明：行人流动力学所表现出来的各种集群效应是由于行人个体之间的非线性作用而引起的,行人交通流特性存在显著的个性化特征,即：出行目的的多元化、出行行为的自组织性、出行过程的避让性.行人速度随着密度的增大而减小,当密度低于1．0~2．0 p/m2值时,行人流完全处于自由流状态,此时行人速度不受密度的影响,完全由个人喜好、舒适程度和个人出行目的等决定；当密度增加到4~5 p/m2时,行人速度已经下降到0．2 m/s,即行人基本上处于拥挤状态,很难继续往前移动.由于行人性别、生理、心理以及年龄、出行目的、调查地点的不同,其速度变化范围为0．9~1．9 m/s,密度变化范围为1．7~7．0 p/m2,而最大阻塞密度则从3．8~10．0 p/m2变化.行人交通流数据采集方法、行人交通仿真与模拟、行人交通建模与实证是未来需要关注的研究趋势.%Taking the pedestrian traffic flow characteristics as the object,this paper summarizes the development history and current studies on the features of pedestrian traffic flow,and analyzes its development trend.Firstly,data col-lection methods for studying pedestrian traffic flow are reviewed such as manual investigation method,video detection method,Voronoi method.Secondly,the macroscopic and microscopic features of the pedestrian traffic flow are summa-rized.Meanwhile,the relational diagram and overall motion characteristics of pedestrian traffic flow are illustrated,then speed features of individual pedestrian and interactions among individual pedestrian are discussed.The micro-features of pedestrian traffic flow is a natural reflection of its macro-features.Review results indicate that various aggregate behaviors of pedestrian flow dynamics results from non-linear interactions between pedestrians.Pedestrian traffic flows show 3 dis-tinct features:diversity of travel purpose,self-organization of travel behavior and avoidance of the collision within travel process.Pedestrian speed decreases with the increase of density;when pedestrian density is lower than 1.0 ~2.0 p/m2 , pedestrian traffic flow is in the complete free state,which means the speed is not affected by the density,but only affectedby personal preference,comfort level and travel purpose.When the pedestrian density increases to 4~5 p/m2 ,the speed will reduce to 0.2 m/s,that means the pedestrian traffic flow is under a congestion state and it is difficult to continuously move forward.Due to the difference in gender,physiological and psychological conditions,age,trip purpose,and survey locations,the pedestrian velocity fluctuates in the range of 0.9~1.9 m/s,and the density is in the range of 1.7~7.0 p/m2 , while the maximum blocking density is in the range of 3.8~10.0 p/m2 .It is also found that data collection methods,traf-fic simulation,and traffic modeling and empirical tests related to pedestrian traffic flows will be the study trend in pedes-trian traffic flow research.