云南古茶园和现代茶园土壤养分与茶叶品质成分关系的研究

摘要

Soilis the basic survival conditionof the teaplant,soitwas very closelyrelated to thegrowth and development oftea plantand tea quality.The representativeancient tea arboretum and modern tea gardenwere selected in Jingmai, Bulangand Nannuoancient tea mountain of YunnanProvince.Thep Hvalue, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soilorganic matter (SOM),and nutrientscontent of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium (NPK)in tea garden soils (0-20cm)and theteamain qualitycomponent ofsundried green teas which were manufactured bya budand two leaves(water extraction, tea polyphenols, amino acid, caffeine and polyphenols monomer content)were determinedfromthe soil and teasamples and those from themoderntea garden(or young tea tree/forest)were used ascontrol.The resultsshowed that the soil moisture content increased by15.23%~46.82%inancient teagarden underforestsshadein comparing with that from modern tea garden.The soil pH valuein theancient tea gardenwas higher thanthat ofmodern tea garden(or young tea tree/forest)in Bulangmountains and Nannuo mountain.Thesoil CEC, SOM, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and availablephosphorus (Olsen-P) contents ofancient tea gardenweresignificantly higher thanthose ofmodern teagarden(or young tea tree/forest).Allthoughthe contents oftea water extract, amino acid, tea polyphenol and polyphenols monomer substanceinalltea gardenswerenot consistent,however,the ratioof polyphenoltoamino acid of ancient tea plants planted under forests range was 6.75 to 12.28 significantly lower than those of the modern teagarden(from9.98to15.25).Thechangesof five kinds of catechins contentwerein the order:Epicatechin gallate(ECG) >Epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG) >Epicatechin (EC) >Epigallocatechin(EGC)>Catechin(C),and the ECG and EGC Gcontentswere not significantd iffered between ancient tea garden and moderntea garden(or young tea tree/forest).Moreover,tea gallic acid (GA)was detected only in the ancient teaplants.Thecultivation patterninancient tea gardenwasbeneficial to preventthesoil acidification,toreduce the illumination intensity,toimprove the soil moisture content,and to promotethe sustainable utilization soil fertilityintea garden, and itis advantageous toteaplant informinghigh amino acid content and low ratio of polyphenol to amino acid.%土壤是茶树生存的基本条件，它与茶树生长发育和茶叶品质形成关系十分密切。以现代茶园（或小茶林）土壤和茶叶为对照，对云南景迈山、布朗山和南糯山古茶园土壤（0~20 cm）的 pH 值、阳离子交换量（CEC）、有机质（SOM）、氮磷钾（NPK）养分和一芽二叶晒青绿茶的水浸出物、茶多酚、氨基酸、咖啡碱及7种多酚类单体含量进行了测定分析。结果表明，古茶园土壤含水率与现代茶园相比提高了15.23%~46.82%，布朗山和南糯山古茶园的土壤pH值高于现代茶园（或小茶林），古茶园土壤的CEC、SOM、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）和有效磷（Olsen–P）含量均显著高于现代茶园（或小茶林）；各茶山古茶园和现代台地茶园（或小茶林）茶叶的水浸出物、氨基酸、茶多酚及多酚类单体物质含量虽然不一致，但古茶树茶叶酚氨比为6.75~12.28，明显低于现代茶园茶叶的9.98~15.25；各茶园茶叶中5种儿茶素含量的高低依次为：ECG>EGCG>EC>EGC>C，并且古茶园和现代茶园（或小茶林）茶叶的ECG和EGCG含量差异不显著；此外，仅在古茶树茶叶中检测到没食子酸（ GA）。古茶园栽培模式有利于防止茶园土壤酸化、降低茶园光照强度、提高茶园土壤含水率、促进茶园土壤肥力的可持续利用，有利于茶叶高氨基酸含量和低酚氨比的形成。