不同施肥方式对春玉米产量、效益及氮素吸收和利用的影响

摘要

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rates and methods on yield,profit,post-anthesis dry matter,N accumulation and translocation,nitrogen absorption and utilization of spring maize.The objective of this experiment was to make a scientific suggestion for high-yield management and N efficient utilization of spring maize.The results show that the yield and profit are increased by 3.91% and 592 Yuan/ha under the reducing and postponing N application（RPN,N 240 kg/ha,1/5 basal,2/5 topdressing at the jointing stage and 2/5 topdressing at the bell-mouthed stage,N 240/3） compared with farmers＇ practice（FP,N 280 kg/ha,1/5 basal and 4/5 topdressing at the jointing stage,N 280/2）.The treatment of single deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer as basal nitrogen fertilizer single basal application（SBN,N 240 kg/ha,total basal into 15 cm,N 240/1） has the best yield and profit,and the yield is increased by 11.48% and the profit is increased by 2032 Yuan/ha compared with FP.In addition to these,the harvest index（HI）,dry matter,nitrogen translocation and its rate,rate of contribution to grain,N use efficiency（NUE）,agronomic N use efficiency（ANUE）,N uptake efficiency（NUPE）,N partial factor productivity（PFP） and N harvest index（NHI） were increased significantly（P0.05） under RPN and SBN treatments.The post-anthesis dry matter and N accumulation amount,and their ratios to the total are the highest under N240/3,are higher under N240/1,but the ratios are lower,and are lower under N280/2,but the ratios are higher.There are many controversies on single basal application（SBN） of nitrogen fertilizer,so it could not conclude that SBN can be used to replace the farmers＇ practice.It has got higher yield and N efficiency for the RPN treatment,so the reducing and postponing N application（RPN） is a scientific nitrogen fertilizer application method.%通过田间试验研究了农民习惯施肥、氮肥减量及减量后移、氮肥一次性深施对春玉米产量、效益、花后干物质和氮素积累与转移情况及氮的吸收和利用的影响。结果表明,与习惯施肥处理（氮用量N 280 kg/hm2,口肥和拔节期追肥比例为1∶4,N280/2,）相比,氮肥减量后移处理（氮用量N 240 kg/hm2,口肥、拔节期和大喇叭口期追肥比例为1∶2∶2,N240/3）增产3.91%,增收592元/hm2;氮肥一次性深施处理（氮用量N 240 kg/hm2,播种时一次深施在15 cm处,N240/1）增产11.48%