现代语言学始于20世纪初的瑞士语言学家索绪尔。到了二三十年代,欧洲的布拉格学派出现了,并被公认为是继索绪尔之后最有影响的学派。而俄国则是马尔的错误语言学理论的一统天下,这种情况在该国一直持续到四十年代。英国语言学家弗斯四五十年代所提出的语言学理论在英国语言学史上具有划时代的意义,他是伦敦学派的代表人物之一。他的学生韩礼德提出的系统功能语法继承和发展了他的理论。美国结构主义诞生于20世纪初,在早期博厄斯和萨丕尔提出了一些重要的语言理论,之后从三十年代到五十年代年是著名的布龙菲尔德时代。五十年代乔姆斯基提出的转换生成语法冲击了当时在美国占主导地位的结构主义描写语言学。但转换生成语法遇到了六十年代晚期发展起来的格语法和六十年代晚期、七十年代早期发展起来的生成语义学等理论的挑战。%Modern linguistics started in the beginning of the twentieth century,at which time the Swiss linguist Saussure appears.Then during 1920s,Prague School became the most famous linguistic school in Europe.In that times Marr’s wrong linguistic theory was popular in Russia.As the representative of London School,Firth’s linguistic theory which was proposed in the forties and the fifties is very important.Systematic-Functional Grammar which was put forward by his student Halliday is related to his theory.In America,during the early time Boasis and Sapir advanced some significant language theory,from 1930s to 1950s the influence of Bloomfield’s theory was profound.While TG which was proposed by Chomsky in the middle of 1950s attacked heavily America’s structuralist linguistics which was the mainstream for a long time.However,Transformational Generative Grammar was hit by Case Grammar which appeared at the end of 1960s and Generative Semantics which appears at the end of 1960s and at the beginning of 1970s.
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