Lewis＇ dual economy theory reveals the fact that there are unlimited labor forces in traditional agricultural fields.Along with the transition of the surplus labor forces from agricultural fields to modern industries,the excessive supply of labor forces over demands tends to become moderate,and,as a result,the so-called Lewis turning point appears.Accordingly,the dual economy of cities and the countryside will transform into the monadic economy,and the key point is the transition of surplus labor force from the countryside into the second and third industries in cities.Schultz holds that the major reason for the low welfare of farmers in developing countries is not the surplus of labor forces,but the rare opportunities of education and low level of education.Therefore,we must ensure the equal opportunities of education for farmers,and create more job opportunities.%刘易斯二元经济理论揭示了传统的农业部门存在着近乎无限供给的劳动力,随着这个部门的剩余劳动力向现代工业部门转移,劳动力供大于求将会逐步转向供求平衡,出现被人们称为＂刘易斯拐点＂。城乡劳动力的比较利益就会趋于均衡。城乡二元经济就会向一元经济转化。其着眼点在于农业剩余劳动力向城市二、三产业转移。舒尔茨则认为,发展中国家农民福利低下的主要原因不是劳动力大量过剩,而是由于受教育机会少,受教育程度低,即人力资本投资少。要从根本上解决农民福利低的问题,就必须加大对农民的教育投入,使农民与市民一样,享有平等的受教育机会,实现人力资本投资均衡化。一旦农民的智力有了很大的提高,就有条件向生产广度深度进军,创造不断增加的就业机会和社会财富,实现由穷向富的根本转变。
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