The techniques of in situ hybridization (ISH) are widely adopted for analyzing the genetic make_up and RNA expression patterns of individual cells. There are four main criterions for evaluating this technique, including detection sensitivity, resolution, capacity and specificity. This review focuses on a number of advances made over the last years in the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). These advances can be catagorized into several branches as follows: (1) Multicolor_FISH (mFISH), including conventional mFISH, combinatorial FISH, ratio labelling FISH, multicolor chromosome painting and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH); (2) Extended DNA fiber_FISH (EDF_FISH), including quantitative DNA fiber mapping (QDFM), molecular combing (MC) and dynamic molecular combing (DMC); (3) In situ PCR_based FISH; (4) Bacterial (or yeast) artificial chromosome_FISH (BAC_FISH or YAC_FISH); (5) Tyramide signal amplification_FISH (TSA_FISH); (6) Polypeptide nucleic acid_FISH (PNA_FISH) and (7) padlock_FISH.
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