四倍体神农香菊与露地菊‘纽9717’种间杂交初步研究

摘要

以四倍体神农香菊(Dendranthema indicum var. aromaticum)和露地菊‘纽9717’(Dendranthema× gandiflorum‘niu9717’)为试材，对其进行花粉和柱头的微观形态观察、最适花粉萌发的培养基筛选，同时测定花粉活力和柱头可授性及不同授粉方式下的结实情况，并对杂交获得的 F1代植株性状进行表型分析。结果表明：四倍体神农香菊和露地菊‘纽9717’均为单粒花粉，有3个萌发沟，柱头均在丫状期开始授粉，最适花粉萌发的培养基均为 ME3+150 g/L PEG4000+150 g/L 蔗糖+0.1 g/L 硼酸+0.1 g/L Ca2+；四倍体神农香菊在开花第4天花粉活力最高，为64.63%，在13：00花粉活力最高，为54.56%，在开花第9天13：00—14：00时柱头可授性最强；露地菊‘纽9717’在开花第6天时花粉活力最高，为11.63%，在13：00花粉活力最高，为9.26%，在开花4~5 d 12：00—13：00时柱头可授性最强；不同授粉方式的结果显示，四倍体神农香菊与露地菊‘纽9717’杂交在去雄、套袋、人工异花授粉条件下结实率最高(79.28%)；杂交后获得的 F1代21株植株，在植株形态、叶片和花蕾方面表现出不同的性状，其中2株呈匍匐状生长，8株表现为叶长≤叶宽，7株叶缘锯齿为圆钝，10株现蕾早，且大多数花蕾为黑褐色，仅1株的花蕾为绿色。%In this experiment, tetraploid Dendranthemaindicum var. aromaticum and Dendranthema×gandiflorum‘niu9717’ were used as material to study pollen and stigma morphology, pollen viability and stigma receptivity, the optimal pollen germination medium, and analyse seed setting rate in different hybrid method and morphological characteristics of F1 plants. The results showed that both tetraploid Dendranthemaindicum var. aromaticum and Dendranthema×gandiflorum‘niu9717’ had single pollen grain with three germination ditch and stigma pollinating in the bifurcation stage. The best medium for pollen germination was ME3 + 150 g/L PEG 4000 + 150 g/L Sucrose + 0.1 g/L H3BO4 + 0.1 g/L Ca2+. Tetraploid Dendranthema indicum var. aromaticum had the highest pollen viability on the fourth day of blossom (64.63%) and at 13:00 pm in a day (54.56%) and the strongest stigma receptivity on the 9th day of blossom and at 13:00 to 14:00 in a day, while Dendranthema × gandiflorum ‘niu9717’ had the highest pollen viability on the 6th day of blossom (11.63%) and at 13:00 pm (9.26%) in a day and the strongest stigma receptivity on the 4th to 5th day of blossom and at 12:00 to 13:00 in one day. Comparing with different pollination ways of tetraploid Dendranthema indicum var. aromaticum and Dendranthema×gandiflorum‘niu9717’, the way of emasculation, bagging and hand cross-pollination had the highest seed setting rate ( 79.28%) and obtained 21 F1 hybrids with different characteristics in plant morphology, leaf and flower bud, which 2 plants with creeping growth, 8 plants with leaves of length≤width, 7 plants’ with leaves of blunt sawtooth margin, 10 plants with earlier flower budding, and most of the buds were dark brown, only 1 was green.