从根本违约角度探析有限公司除名制度

摘要

依据契约论，股东与公司之间的法律关系更类似于契约关系，且该契约属于多方契约。股东之间也同样存在契约关系，这也是原始股东之间承担连带责任的法理基础。股东要依据与公司之间的约定，在规定的期限内缴纳其所认缴的出资。若是股东未在规定的期限内足额缴纳出资，则其构成一般违约；若是其根本未履行出资义务或者在出资义务履行完毕后再将出资全部抽逃，则其构成根本违约。若股东只是一般违约，并不是未缴纳任何出资，只是未足额缴纳或者未按期缴纳，尚未构成根本违约，因此公司不能适用除名制度将该股东除名。若是有限公司股东存在根本违约行为，且于公司催告所确定的合理期限内，股东仍未履行任何出资义务，则公司可以通过股东会决议的形式，将该股东除名。合同法中的预期根本违约理论，对于有限公司除名制度也存在适用的空间，但出于对债权人利益的保护，对该理论的适用要进行严格的限制。其实不管是普通根本违约，还是预期根本违约，除名制度都要对两者的适用予以限制，以避免公司滥用除名制度侵害股东的权益。%According to the theory of contract,when the limited company has been established,it be-comes an independent legal entity,with independent legal personality,and it is not attached to the shareholders of the company.The legal relationship between shareholders and the company is more similar to the contract which is a multi contract,and there is also a contractual relationship between shareholders,which is the legal basis for the original shareholders to bear joint and several liability. According to the agreement,the shareholders should pay its subscribed capital contribution in the spe-cific period of time.If the shareholder does not pay the contribution in full within the prescribed time limit,it constitutes a breach of contract.If the shareholder j ust contributes the general,it is not a pay-ment of capital contributions;if he does not fully pay or merely delays in payment,it does not consti-tute a fundamental breach of contract,and the company is not allowed to employ the expulsion sys-tem.The expulsion system for the limited company is employed simply to protect the interests of the creditors,but its application should be strictly limited.The restrictions not only apply to the ordinary fundamental breach,but also the anticipation of fundamental breach of contract.Because if the share-holder is expelled,his part of the shares can be transferred to a third person or to other shareholders, which is of no harm to creditors’interests.But if no one is willing to accept the equity,the company can only decrease the shares,which is extremely unfavorable for the creditors.Therefore the applica-tion of the expulsion system should be strictly limited.