氮肥分期追施对潮土区不同玉米品种生长发育及产量的影响

摘要

为探明氮肥分期追施对潮土区不同玉米品种生长和产量的影响，在通许县进行了常规施肥和不同氮肥用量分期追施（180 kg/hm2、270 kg/hm2、360 kg/hm2，小喇叭口期和孕穗期各占50％）对8个玉米品种（先单158、郑单958、中博郑单23、济单7号、蠡玉16、浚单20、蠡玉37和迪卡M 9）生长发育及产量的影响研究。结果表明，与常规施肥相比，氮肥分期追施对玉米生长具有积极影响，其中先单158和浚单20叶片数增加1～2片，株高和穗位总体分别增高2.7～83.6 cm、0～27.4 cm ，茎粗除浚单20外总体增加0.1～0.6 cm。与常规施肥相比，分期追施不同用量氮肥对穗行数、2行穗粒数、穗长、穗粗、百粒质量的影响不同，在不同品种间差异较大，增减不一，但其产量总体表现为增加。其中，分期追施氮肥180 kg/hm2时，玉米品种总体增产0.23％～34.42％，分期追施氮肥270 kg/hm2和360 kg/hm2时，除济单7号和蠡玉16外其他品种总体分别增产1.63％～32.35％、0～14.60％，说明不同玉米品种对养分需求有明显差异性。与分期追施氮肥180 kg/hm2相比，分期追施氮肥270 kg/hm2、360 kg/hm2时，只有浚单20稳定增产0.48％、2.34％，说明浚单20在高量追肥时具有一定增产效果。与分期追施氮肥270 kg/hm2相比，360 kg/hm2用量时，除先单158、中博郑单23和迪卡M9外，其他品种总体增产0.97％～8.43％。总之，氮肥分期追施增产效果以180 kg/hm2用量最佳，根据品种的稳产性表现，首选品种为蠡玉37、郑单958、浚单20。%In order to investigate the effects of staging fertilization on the grow th and yield of dif-ferent corn varieties in alluvial soil in the east of Henan province ,the effects of traditional fertili-zation and different nitrogen amount in topdressing stages (180 kg/ha ,270 kg/ha ,360 kg/ha , amount of nitrogen topdressing in small horn stage and booting stage was 50% respectively) on growth and yield of eight corn varieties were studied in Tongxu county ,of which corn varieties in-cluding Xiandan 158 ,Zhengdan 958 ,Zhongbo Zhengdan 23 ,Jidan 7 ,Liyu 16 ,Xundan 20 ,Liyu 37 and Dika M9 .The results showed that compared to traditional fertilization ,there was positive effect on corn grow th with staging fertilization ,the number of visible leaves of Xiandan 158 and Xundan 20 increased 1-2 leaves ,the plant height of different varieties increased 2 .7 cm to 83.6 cm ,the stem diameter increased 0 .1 cm to 0 .6 cm except Xundan 20 ,and their row s per ear ,grain number per spike ,ear length ,ear diameter and 100-grain weight were obvious different too .Com-pared to traditional fertilization ,the yield of staging nitrogen topdressing 180 kg/ha increased o-verall by 0 .23% to 34 .42% ,the yield of staging nitrogen topdressing 270 kg/a and 360 kg/ha in-creased by 1 .63% -32 .35% ,0-14 .60% respectively ,except Jidan 7 and Liyu 16 ,indicating that the demand of nutrients of different corn varieties had obvious difference ;compared to staging ni-trogen topdressing 180 kg/ha ,only the yield of Xundan 20 stably increased 0 .48% and 2 .34% re-spectively under staging nitrogen topdressing 270 kg/ha and 360 kg/ha ,w hich indicated that Xun-dan 20 had certain yield-increasing effect at the higher fertilizer ;compared to staging nitrogen top-dressing 270 kg/ha ,the yield increased 0 .97% to 8 .43% except Xiandan 158 ,Zhongbo Zhengdan 23 and Dika M9 .In a word ,the effect of production increasing with staging nitrogen topdressing 180 kg/ha is the best ,and the best varities are Zhengdan 958 ,Liyu 37 and Xundan 20 in different fertilization according to the yield stability performance of different varieties .