阶级的含义和争议

摘要

To understand the meaning of class of Marxism needs to grasp the three key points:the property monopoly of the few people to the means of production as the core assets,exploitation,and production of surplus value.After the establishment of Marxist class theory occurred three maj or con-troversy in which appeared six typical class definitions:class definition of market-based relations, class definition of unequal system unit-based,class definition of occupational classification as the ba-sis,class definition of property relations as the core,meaning of class relations in class position and class definitions of the monopoly with power as a basis.These definitions are divided into two catego-ries:one is to define class on the basis of denial of residual value.The other is revision and develop-ment of the meaning of class and class theory of Marxism on the basis of the recognition of the surplus value.This paper argues that discussion and research on the meaning of class should implement three principles:first,the class definition is able to describe the common features of social class in different types of social forms throughout the history;the second is to distinguish class from grade,stratum, status,occupation,and official position;the third is to reveal the most essential social attributes of class.%理解马克思主义的阶级含义要把握三个关键点：少数人对以生产资料为核心的财产的垄断、剥削、剩余价值的生产。马克思的阶级理论建立之后，发生过三次大争论，在争论中出现了六个典型的阶级定义：以市场关系为基础的阶级定义、以不平等系统的单位为基础的阶级定义、以职业分类为基础的阶级定义、以财产关系为核心的阶级定义、阶级关系中阶级位置的含义、以权力垄断为根据的阶级定义。这些定义分为两大类：一类是否认剩余价值论为基础的阶级定义，一类是在承认剩余价值论基础上对马克思主义阶级含义和阶级理论的修正和发展。讨论和研究阶级含义应贯彻三个原则：一是所下的阶级定义能够描述不同历史类型的社会形态中社会阶级的共同特征；二是能够把阶级与等级、阶层、身份、职业、官位等区别开来；三是揭示出阶级最本质的社会属性。