英美法系国家相似事实证据规则的发展、比较与借鉴

摘要

相似事实证据规则在英美法系国家得到了不断的发展：在英国，经历了从早期严格限制相似事实证据的适用到2003年《刑事审判法》相似事实证据可采性标准的降低；在美国，采取了原则上排除、例外的情况下可采的模式，而其例外情况也经历了从封闭到开放的过程。两国的发展轨迹既存在差异，也有共性，即其基本的发展趋势和理念是相通的：既要保护被告人的权利，避免产生危险的偏见，客观地认定案件事实，防止不公正的审判；同时也要兼顾对被害人等利益的保护及帮助法官对事实全面了解。我国也需要构建与相关性规则密切相关的具体规则，并对借鉴英美法系国家的相似事实证据规则进行借鉴。%The rule on similar fact evidence has got continual development:In England ,the application of the rule on similar fact evidence was strict in early time and now the standard of the rule on similar fact evidence adopted has been lowered.In American,the rule on similar fact evidence was eliminated in principle except there are some special case and it also developed from a closure to an open system.The developmental trace of two countries not only has common features,but also has some differences.The basic trend and spirit of it,however,is the same:Both the right of dependents and victims get a balanceable protection.China needs to set up the rules on the relevance of evidence,and also needs to embody the rule on the similar fact evidence.At the same time,there is some thought on the use for reference to rule on the similar fact evidence in China.