微藻是一种单细胞光合自养生物,作为初级生产者,在自然界中广泛存在.半个世纪以来,微藻已经应用于食品药品、可再生能源生产及生态环境保护等方面.为了得到性状更为优良的藻种,针对微藻育种的相关技术也在加速发展.微藻育种主要包括种质获取和表型检测两个方面,通过3种途径:自然选育,诱变育种和基因工程育种.随着产业开发的需要,多种先进的育种手段引入微藻育种中,包含CRISPR在内的多种基因编辑手段也逐步在微藻中进行了尝试.基于微藻光合系统,天然产物光谱和荧光标记等高通量筛选手段也帮助微藻育种的进一步发展.对上述微藻育种方案和技术路线进行综述,并对今后微藻育种的方向进行探讨.%Microalgae is a unicellular photosynthetic autotrophic organism that widely distributes in nature as a primary producer.For half a century, microalgae has been used in food and medicine, renewable energy production, environmental protection and so on.In order to improve productivity or robustness, microalgae breeding technology has been developed significantly.The breeding of microalgae mainly includes two aspects: mutant acquisition and phenotypic detection.The mutants can be obtained through three ways: natural breeding, mutation breeding, and genetic engineering breeding.A variety of advanced breeding methods, including gene editing method CRISPR, have been gradually adopted in microalgae.High-throughput screening based on microalgae photosynthetic system, natural product spectra, and fluorescent labelling greatly facilitate the development of microalgae breeding.In this paper, microalgae breeding technologies are reviewed, and the future direction of microalgae breeding is discussed.
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