一字增减能换乾坤--关于语言容量对诗歌的影响

摘要

The length of Chinese sentences,namely,the language capacity,is growing continuously with gradual maturity of Chinese language.The language capacity affects bearing ability of classical Chinese poems objectively.For poem sentences of four words or fewer,a single sentence cannot contain all the nec-essary elements.Therefore,a complete meaning often needs two double-word sentences or four-word sen-tences to express together.Five-word sentences can basically contain subjects,predicates and objects, sometimes even attributes,adverbials and complements.In this sense,transfer of four-word poems to five-word ones is not only a problem of adding one word,but a radical change of poem verse.Metrical poetry of five words and seven words had pushed classical Chinese poetry to splendid peak.%汉语的语句长短，即语言容量，是随着汉语的日渐成熟而不断增加的。语言容量的大小，客观上影响着中国古典诗歌的语句承载能力。对于四言及其以下的语句而言，单句难以完整容纳主谓宾和定状补，所以，在二言诗和四言诗中，一个完整的句意，往往需要由两个二言句或者四言句来配合完成；当语言扩容到五言及其以上语句时，一个五言句就可以基本完整地容下主谓宾甚至部分定状补。从这个意义上说，四言诗过渡到五言诗，绝不仅仅是增加了一个字的问题，而是本质上改变了诗体。因为有了五言句，所以才能诞生五言和七言的格律诗，才能把中国古典诗歌推上辉煌的顶峰。