试论政策评估的焦点及其标准

摘要

What is focus of policy evaluation? What are criteria for policy evaluation? They are the two most important issues in policy evaluation. Policy evaluation should focus on policy impact rather than policy output. It is not the game of“Bean counting”. It focuses on the impact of policy outcomes. Criteria for policy evaluation based on multi-rationality. Criteria for policy evaluation are of six main types: effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness and appropriateness. The criterion of equity is pursued in several different ways: maximize individual welfare, protect minimum welfare, maximize net welfare, maximize redistributive welfare. They involve arrow paradox, the Amartya Sen choice model, Pareto criterion, Kaldor-Hicks criterion, Rawls difference principle.%政策评估应该聚焦于什么内容与政策评估有哪些标准，这是政策评估中两个最为重要的问题。政策评估不是“数豆子的游戏”，它针对的是政策影响而非政策输出。政策评估关注的是政策结果带来的影响。政策评估标准基于多维理性，这些标准主要包括政策效益、政策效率、充分性、公平性、回应性和适当性。政策评估的公平性标准更是涉及个人福利最大化、保障最低福利、净福利最大化、再分配福利最大化的公平思路，阿罗悖论、阿马蒂亚·森选择模式、帕累托标准、卡尔多-希克斯标准、罗尔斯的差别原则等为政策评估的公平性标准提供了有益借鉴。