Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a transitional state between normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and most MCI will progress to AD. The miRNA can influence the progress of the AD through a variety of pathological processes, including Aβ generation, immune inflammatory response and synaptic plasticity. However, it is still unknown whether the mild alteration of miRNA in peripheral blood is related to the specificity damage in the brain with MCI due to AD. The magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a sensitive and specific method to detect the integrity of the neuronal fibers. It has been reported that the unique disrupted mode of neuronal fibers integrity could predict the MCI progress to AD. Further, it has been demonstrated that the DTI-FA value decreased in the frontal-striatum in miRNA gene carriers with cognitive impairment, which was associated with the level of cognitive impairment. Therefore, combining miRNA associated pathological changes with brain magnetic resonance DTI may become a specific method for early diagnosis of MCI due to AD.%轻度认知障碍(MCI)是正常老化与阿尔茨海默病（AD）之间的过渡状态，多数进展为AD。微小RNA （miRNA）可以通过影响Aβ生成、免疫炎症反应、突触可塑性等多种病理生理过程来影响AD的进程。但外周血miRNA反映的轻微病理改变是否与AD源性MCI脑内的特异性损伤有关目前尚不清楚。脑MR扩散张量成像(DTI)是检测神经纤维连接完整性损伤的敏感和特异的方法，有研究发现脑内特异性的纤维束损伤模式可以预测MCI向AD进展。也有研究证实认知障碍相关miRNA危险基因携带者脑中额叶-纹状体中的DTI-FA值下降。因此，结合DTI与miRNA相关的病理改变有可能成为早期诊断AD源性MCI的特异性方法。
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