2015年中国微生物遗传学研究领域若干重要进展

摘要

中国微生物遗传学研究在2015年取得了重要进展。本文回顾了2015年度中国本土科研团队在微生物遗传学领域取得的若干重要科研进展，扼要介绍了若干重点论文，展示了中国科学家在本领域的学术贡献。在基础微生物遗传学领域，明确了调控基因表达的一系列重要生物大分子的组成、结构和功能，解析了微生物免疫系统识别外源核酸片段的分子基础，阐明了多个微生物来源重要活性物质的生物合成途径及新颖的酶学反应过程，发现了微生物基因表达调控的新机理，在微生物发育、进化与群体行为生物学方面也取得一定进展。在工业微生物遗传学方面，阐明了微生物制造及其分子基础。在病原微生物遗传学方面，研究了多个致病菌的遗传调控，明晰了致病菌-宿主相互作用的遗传机制，在基因组水平解析了微生物耐药、新发病原和环境微生物的遗传机理，为致病菌防控新措施的研发提供了基础。在微生物多样性与环境微生物遗传学方面，展示了利用微生物遗传多样性的特点通过催化获得特定手性的化合物具有较好应用前景，肠道微生物组学研究方兴未艾。%In 2015, there are significant progresses in many aspects of the microbial genetics in China. To showcase the contribution of Chinese scientists in microbial genetics, this review surveys several notable progresses in microbial genetics made largely by Chinese scientists, and some key findings are highlighted. For the basic microbial genetics, the components, structures and functions of many macromolecule complexes involved in gene expression regulation have been elucidated. Moreover, the molecular basis underlying the recognition of foreign nucleic acids by microbial immune systems was unveiled. We also illustrated the biosynthetic pathways and regulators of multiple microbi-al compounds, novel enzyme reactions, and new mechanisms regulating microbial gene expression. And new findings were obtained in the microbial development, evolution and population genetics. For the industrial microbiology, more understanding on the molecular basis of the microbial factory has been gained. For the pathogenic microbiology, the genetic circuits of several pathogens were depicted, and significant progresses were achieved for understanding the pathogen-host interaction and revealing the genetic mechanisms underlying antimicrobial resistance, emerging pathogens and environmental microorganisms at the genomic level. In future, the genetic diversity of microbes can be used to obtain specific products, while gut microbiome is gathering momentum.