美国联邦和州政府的节能政策

摘要

The United States has a long-standing,well-developed framework for regulating energy efficiency.The framework permits federal,or centralized regulation of many elements of energy demand and supply management,but is flexible enough to accommodate state and local regulation as appropriate.This paper describes the impacts of energy efficiency policies on U.S.energy consumption trends,as well as the types of regulations typically adopted at each level of government.It also indicates the means for resolving conflicts among regulations.We conclude the U.S.regulatory system works-it succeeds in saving energy despite its complexities,and despite the complexities of human behavior.Officials in China's provincial governments may find useful corollaries in the work of the U.S.states to regulate energy-using equipment and utilities.%美国已建立了一个长期运行且行之有效的节能管理框架体系.该体系赋予联邦政府或其他国家级部门管理能源需求和供应的权力,但也可以根据州一级或地方政府具体情况进行调整.本文论述了美国节能政策对能源消费趋势的影响,以及美国各级政府所应用的节能政策类型,同时介绍了当不同层级政府制定节能政策出现冲突时的解决方法.尽管节能工作极具复杂性和挑战性,特别是节能能否顺利开展还取决于人的主观意识,但实践证明美国节能政策系统的运行还是成功的.研究美国节能政策系统的运行过程,可为中国地方政府有效管理用能企业和用能设备提供经验和方法.