杂原子(N、O、S和P等)掺杂能够显著提高活性炭在电容性储能器件中的电极性能,本文对掺杂活性炭的制备方法、理化特性和电容器电极应用(超级电容器和锂离子电容器)进行了系统介绍.根据掺杂元素引入次序的不同,掺杂活性炭的制备方法可分为先活化后掺杂处理和先掺杂后碳化活化两类.掺杂官能团可以引入赝电容、提高碳材料电导率、改善与电解液的浸润性,因而显著提高超级电容器的比容量和倍率性能.掺杂活性炭的低成本批量制备技术和掺杂官能团对有机电解液稳定性的影响等方面的研究是今后亟待开展的工作.%Heteroatom (N, O, S and P) doping of activated carbons (ACs) is capable of significantly enhancing their electrode performances in capacitive energy storage devices. Here, the paper presents a review on the synthesis methods, the chemical and physical properties of heteroatom-doped activated carbons (HACs), and their applications in supercapacitors and lithium ion capacitors. According to the different order for introducing heteroatoms, the syntheses of HACs can be classified into two groups: surface treatment of ACs, and activation of heteroatom-doped carbons. Heteroatom-containing functional groups are capable of introducing pseudocapacitance, enhancing the electric conductivity of carbon materials and improving the wettability between electrode and electrolyte. As a result, the specific capacity and rate capability are significantly promoted by the heteroatom doping. Further work is needed for the mass production of HACs at low cost and the investigation on the effect of heteroatom-containing functional groups on the stability of electrolyte.
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