敦煌莫高窟北朝尊像图像学考察

摘要

Hall caves and caves with a truncated pyramidal ceiling and square layout account for more than half of the total Northern Dynasties caves built in the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes. The central statues in these caves are primarily seated Tathagatas but also include cross-legged Tathagatas, cross-legged bodhisattvas, and two Buddhas sitting side by side. Around these central figures are Buddhas sitting in the lotus position, cross-legged Buddhas, and pensive bodhisattvas, as well as molded devas paying tribute to them. Little research has been done on the central statues inside these caves. This paper analyzes these figures based on the spatial structuring of the cave images. Additionally, the focus of the grand Buddhist paradises based on the Lotus Sutra found in these Northern Dynasties caves should naturally be Buddha Sakyamuni himself.%敦煌莫高窟现存北朝窟龛中，塔庙窟与平面方形覆斗形天井窟过半。窟内本尊大部分为倚坐如来，包括如来交脚像、菩萨交脚像、二佛并坐像。这些本尊周围配置禅定印结跏趺坐佛、交脚坐佛、思惟菩萨等诸尊，影塑天部环绕供养。有关莫高窟窟内本尊的研究不多。文章从洞窟图像空间构成的角度考察北朝窟内本尊及其周围造像，指出北朝窟内庄严再现《法华经》所描述的佛国世界，其中心不言而喻应为释迦佛。