早期形态发生:一种解决贻贝科(软体动物门:双壳纲)分类、系统发育和进化问题的方法

摘要

Sequence of appearance and transformations of morphological structures during larval and juvenile mytilids life histories have been examined. Ontogenies of about 60 taxa were typified into 4 morphogenetic patterns, or modes. Origin, developmental changes and homologies of the stage morphostructures were considered according to their location in three morphogenetic fields. The first, or central, field forms at the prodissoconch Ⅰ stage (PD-Ⅰ). It can be inherited by prodissoconch Ⅱ (PD-Ⅱ) and nepioconch (N) stages in one taxa, or PD-Ⅱ, N and dissoconch (D) stages in others. The second, or postero-dorsal, field appears at the N stage, and the third field, or antero-dorsal, at the D stage. The postero-dorsal field of the stage D inherits the N-morphostructures in one taxa, or D-stage in others. Central and postero-dorsal field morphostructures exhibit developmental sequences, or a system of characters which possess polarity, in contrast to adult characters applied in mytilid taxonomy. Based on early stage morphological characters of and well-known features studied previously but not used in taxonomy and phylogeny, a revaluation Soot-Ryen's system of supraspecific taxa and reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships among the Recent Mytilidae have been attempted. In the presented scheme, the subfamilies of Scarlato and Starobogatov (1984) form four phylogenetic lines beginning with the Modiolinae.%作者对贻贝科贝类的幼虫和幼贝期发育阶段形态结构的出现和变化顺序进行了研究,其约60个不同分类单元的个体发生可归纳为4种形态发生类型或模式.主要对3个形态发生区域的阶段形态结构的起源、发育变化和同源性做了研究.其一,即中央区域,开始形成于前双壳Ⅰ期(PD-Ⅰ),在某个分类单元它可以在前双壳Ⅱ期(PD-Ⅱ)和幼贝期(N)形成,而在其它分类单元则在前双壳Ⅱ期、幼贝期和双壳期(D)形成;第二区域,即背部后区,在幼贝期出现;第三区域,即背部前区,出现于双壳期.双壳期背部后区在某个分类单元起源于幼贝期的形态构造,在其它分类单元则可能起源于双壳期的形态构造.与在贻贝分类学上应用的成体特征相比,早期发育阶段中央和背部后区的形态结构显示出很明显的发育顺序或特征变化规律.根据以前人们熟知而尚未应用到分类和系统发育研究中的早期发育阶段形态特征,作者重新修订了Soot-Ryen的现生贻贝科种上阶元分类系统,重新提出了科内系统发育关系.修订的分类系统表明,Scarlato and Starobogatov (1984)提出的贻贝科各亚科由偏顶蛤亚科开始,沿4条系统发育路线演化发展,对应其早期发育阶段的4类形态发生类型或模式.