秦咸阳规划中象天法地思想初探

摘要

The thought of "Modeling Heaven and Earth" (xiang tian fa di) had a great influence on different scales of space in ancient China,such as the national division,cities,architectures,gardens and artifacts.The planning and layout of Xianyang,the first capital city in imperial China,reflects a characteristic of "Modeling Heaven and Earth",which was founded along with the establishment of the centralized autocratic system,in order to demonstrate national unification and the emperor's authority.Based on historical records,archaeological materials and the recovery of star maps,two types of "Modeling Heaven and Earth" in Xianyang's planning are revealed in this paper.One is the model of "Hengqiao Nan Du" (across the Weihe River through the Hengqiao Bridge toward the south) in the period of the King Zhaoxiang of Qin (r 306BC-251BC),the other is the model of "Epang Du Wei" (across the Weihe River from the Front Palace of Epang) in the period of the First Qin Emperor (r 246BC-210BC).The social and cultural context of these two models is also explored in depth.Ultimately,it is argued that the practices employed at Xianyang formed a new branch of "modeling Heaven and Earth" in the history of capital city planning in imperial China.%象天法地思想影响和塑造了中国古代不同尺度的空间,产生了具有象天法地特征的分野、城市、建筑、园林、器物等.秦代是大一统国家制度的创制期,在都城规划中创立了象天法地的思想与方法,以彰显天下一统、皇权至上的前所未有之大格局.基于历史文献、考古资料和天文复原,揭示秦咸阳规划中象天法地的两个具体模式,即秦昭襄王时期以渭北为中心的“横桥南渡”模式,和秦始皇时期以渭南为中心的“阿房渡渭”模式;并进一步探讨秦咸阳规划中两个象天法地模式转换的社会文化背景,说明秦咸阳象天法地的思想与方法开启了古代中国都城规划的一个新传统.