Mechanisms on cancer cell migration and invasion have been major topics of cancer research and anti-cancer therapy development. Among the multiple cell signaling pathways involved in cell migration, those elicited by transforming growth factorβ(TGF-β) have attracted tremendous attention. The TGF-βpolypeptide cytokines include four isoforms:TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, and TGF-β4, which are secreted mainly from cells of white blood cell lineage, such as macrophages, T cells and platelets. However, TGF-βcan also be synthesized and released from fibroblasts and
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机译:In vitro-derived insulin-producing cells modulate Th1 immune responses and induce IL-10 in streptozotocin-induced mouse model of pancreatic insulitis