特派员制度与中共早期工人运动:以安源工运史为中心(1921-1925)

摘要

以往对中国共产党领导的工人运动的研究,多偏重阶级斗争的革命话语视角,而较少从组织社会学的角度来探究中共领导工人运动的组织形态问题.本文以早期安源工运为考察对象,重点分析并比较特派员李立三和刘少奇二人的工作效果,以此来探究中共早期采用特派员制度领导工人运动的组织形态.本文认为,李立三利用个人资源开创了安源工运,而作为继任者的刘少奇则未能维系安源工运,表明中共采用的派遣特派员的组织制度的运作效果是引发安源工运兴衰的重要原因.特派员实际的工作效果,既与其个人的地方资源有关,也与其在党内的位置密切相关.对中共早期特派员制度的具体分析,不仅有助于我们揭示中共早期发动工人运动的组织方式问题,还有助于我们理解中共早期组织形态的发育和演化.%Existing literature on the CCP led labor movement places particular emphasis on the revolutionary discourse and analysis of class struggle, but less attention to the organization form of the CCP led labor movement from the perspective of organizational sociology.This paper chooses the early Anyuan labor movement as its case study, and analyzes and compares the work effectiveness of the CCP special commissioners Li Lisan and Liu Shaoqi for the purpose of exploring the organizational form of the system of special commissioners in the CCP led labor movement.Although Anyuan was an important early base of the workers' movement of the CCP, the existing research contributes little on the subject of its historical process and the organizational form of the CCP led the Anyuan labor movemen.This study argues that Li Lisan created the Anyuan labor movement through his personal resources,but his successor Liu Shaoqi failed to sustain the Anyuan movement.It shows that the system of special commissioners in the CCP was responsible for the rise and fall of the Anyuan labor movement.In the early stage of the CCP led labor movement, neither the class consciousness of the workers nor the will of the central CCP committee determined the happening of the labor movement, Rather it depended on the personal resources of the CCP special commissioners.The actual work effectiveness of special commissioners are not only related to their personal resources,but also closely related to the commissioners' position in the CCP.The special commissioner system caused tension between the CCP unified leadership and individual commissioners.This led to the complex question of the relationship between professional revolutionary organizations and the masses in revolution.Specific analysis of the early system of special commissioners of the CCP, helps us to pay attention to the organization of the CCP led the labor movement, and also helps us to understand the early form of organization development and the evolution of the CCP.